High-gluten wheat flour, debranched wheat starch (debranched supernatant and debranched precipitate), and gluten were used as raw materials, the influence of debranched wheat starch on the digestion characteristics, cooking properties, and thermal properties of rolled wheat noodles was studied. The results showed that adding debranched wheat starch could reduce the hardness and chewiness of wheat noodles. Relative crystallinity of noodles increased from 9.37% (control) to 18.25% (50% debranched supernatant). Compared with the control group, when 50% debranched precipitate was added, the noodles' gelatinization onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), final temperature (Tc), and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) all increased, indicating improved thermal stability, and the resistant starch (RS) content increased from 11.37% to 22.19%, while the estimated glycemic index (eGI) decreased from 87.71 to 78.57, demonstrating good in vitro digestion results. The above study proved that the addition of debranched wheat starch could reduce the digestion rate of rolled noodles in vitro, and provided ideas and methods for the development of staple food products for patients with chronic blood sugar diseases.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops and a critical ingredient in a wide range of ready-to-eat products, such as bread, noodles, cakes, and snacks, due to its favorable sensory attributes and processing properties. Extrusion, a process commonly used in the food industry, has proven effective in enhancing the nutritional value and functionality of wheat-based products by precisely controlling processing parameters. In this review, we explore the effects that extrusion process parameters have on the structural, functional, and physicochemical properties (e.g., expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, texture, viscosity, and digestibility) of wheat-based products. We also discuss specific applications of extruded wheat products. The findings of this review highlight how including an extrusion process can improve product quality and advance wheat-based product development in the food industry.

It is crucial to elucidate the impact of climate change on wheat production in China. This article provides a review of the current climate change scenario and its effects on wheat cultivation in China, along with an examination of potential future impacts and possible response strategies. Against the backdrop of climate change, several key trends emerge: increasing temperature during the wheat growing season, raising precipitation, elevated CO2 concentration, and diminished radiation. Agricultural disasters primarily stem from oscillations in temperature and precipitation, with the northern wheat region being mostly affected. The impact on wheat production is manifested in a reduction in the area under cultivation, with the most rapid reduction in spring wheat, and a shift in the center of cultivation to the west. Furthermore, climate change accelerates the nutritional stage and shortens phenology. Climate change has also led to an increase in yields in the Northeast spring wheat region, the Northern spring wheat region, the Northwest spring wheat region, and the North China winter wheat region, and a decrease in yields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat region, the Southwest winter wheat region, and the South China winter wheat region. To cope with climate change, Chinese wheat can adopt adaptation strategies and measures such as breeding different wheat varieties for different wheat-growing regions, implementing differentiated farmland management measures, promoting regional ecological farmland construction, and establishing scientific monitoring and early warning systems. While future climate change may stimulate wheat yield potential, it could cause climate-induced issues such as weeds, diseases, and pests worsen, thereby posing challenges to the sustainability of farmland. Moreover, it is essential to conduct comprehensive research on pivotal areas such as the microscopic mechanism of climate change and wheat growth, the comprehensive influence of multiple climate factors, and the application of new monitoring and simulation technologies. This will facilitate the advancement of related research and provide invaluable insights.

To bolster agricultural efficiency and precision, this study introduces the YOLOv8-MRF model (multi-path coordinate attention, receptive field attention convolution, and Focaler-CIoU-optimized YOLOv8), a groundbreaking advancement in automated detection of wheat tillers. This model transcends traditional manual methods prone to subjectivity and inefficiency. This approach integrates an enhanced multi-path coordinate attention (MPCA) mechanism within the backbone network, capturing multi-scale features and significantly elevating tillers recognition. The innovative replacement of the CSPDarknet53 to 2-Stage FPN (C2F) module with receptive field attention convolution (RFCAConv) addresses parameter-sharing limitations, accentuating feature significance, and amplifying network performance. Coupled with the Focaler-CIoU loss for superior detection accuracy, YOLOv8-MRF outperforms RTDETR, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 by impressive margins in mAP50, while operating with merely 11 % of the parameters of YOLOv7, achieving a detection precision of 91.7 %, and with enhancements of 2.5 % in precision, 5.5 % in recall, and 4.1 % in mAP50 over the original model. The experimental results demonstrate that this method can realize tillering detection under complex backgrounds, contributing to advancing intelligent farming practices for wheat. Importantly, the YOLOv8-MRF model not only achieves significant technological advancements but also shows strong potential in practical applications, providing an effective tool for agricultural automation and intelligence, which could become pivotal in the development of future precision agriculture technologies.

Previous research on soil bacteria focused on refining the nitrogen (N) rates during the wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) growth cycle. Studies concerning how additional and split N topdressing applications can affect wheat rhizobacteria are limited. To address this, a two-year field experiment took the cultivar ‘Gaoyou 2018’ of winter wheat as the experimental material from October 2020 to June 2022. Three nitrogen application regimes were established, including no nitrogen application (T1), single topdressing applications of 120 kg ha⁻¹ (T2) and 80 kg ha⁻¹ (T3) at the jointing stage, and split topdressing applications combining 80 kg ha⁻¹ at jointing with 40 kg ha⁻¹ at the booting stage (T4), the flowering stage (T5), and 10th day post-anthesis (T6). The delayed impacts of the split topdressing time on the rhizobacteria diversity were observed in the second year, with T4 exhibiting a 10.5% higher Chao1 index and 2% greater Shannon diversity than T6. Results from both years indicated that the dominant bacterial phylum compositions in the winter wheat rhizosphere were similar across the nitrogen treatments. The additional N treatments fostered 22.9–27.9% <i>Bacteroidita</i> abundance but diminished 24.0–35.9% <i>Planctomycetota</i>, compared to the thenon-fertilized control (T1). T6 increased the <i>α-Proteobacteria</i> abundance by 15.7–22.0% versus T4, while the N topdressing redistribution to the booting stage increased the <i>MND1</i> genus abundance in <i>Proteobacteria</i> by 31.3–62.5% compared to T2. Redundancy analysis identified that the rhizosphere pH and soil moisture content were the predominant environmental drivers shaping the winter wheat rhizobacteria. Preliminary findings revealed that split nitrogen application during the jointing and booting stages of winter wheat improved the edaphic micro-environment and modulated the proliferation of beneficial rhizobacteria. However, this change was not transmitted to the yield variation. These results suggest that short-term N management strategies may enhance ecological benefits by intensifying soil–plant–microbe interactions, yet they lack direct agronomic yield advantages. Long-term trials are required to establish causality between rhizosphere microbial community dynamics and crop productivity under split N management regimes.

Cultivation of calli on media with culture filtrates (CF) of fungi of the genus Fusarium is used in breeding for the resistance to these pathogens of somaclonal lines of many plant species. The key is to determine the response of plant tissue culture to different concentrations (20 and 40 %) of CF. The dynamics of the growth and development parameters of spring soft wheat callus culture (CC) was assessed under simulating F. sporotrichioides infection in vitro in long-term cultivation (up to 119 days). Callusogenesis was induced in the culture of embryos on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with 2.4-D (1 mg/L for immature embryos, 4 mg/L for mature embryos). Calli were then cultured on media with the same levels of 2,4-D under different levels of CF (20 % and 40 %). The response of CC to CF was noticeable already by the 14th day of cultivation. Signs of necrosis were observed in 10–15 % of samples on media with CF. The proportion of calli with chlorophyll containing areas (CСA) at this period was half as much on media with CF compared to MS. By day 28, the medium with 20 % of CF had CCA quantity less than MS by 2-3 times, medium with 40 % of CF – had CCA quantity less by 5–7 times. The size of calli turned out to be less informative in the analysis of the response of CC to CF. After the 42nd day, media with CF showed the resumption of CC growth, slowing down of necrosis, and activation of chlorophyll synthesis. On the MS medium, the senescence of CC progressed, the frequency of calli necrosis increased. The same experiment but including passaging calli on the 14th day onto fresh media of the same composition did not reveal the increase in selective pressure. The results were either close to (CCA, necrosis) or higher (callus size) than those of the samples under continuous cultivation. Thus, the levels of CF used ensure the selection of wheat cell lines resistant to F. sporotrichiodes toxins within 28 days of cultivation. There is a potential to increase selection pressure.

To investigate the effect of milling equipment on the quality of whole wheat flour, four whole wheat flours with similar average particle sizes were obtained by direct crushing methods (hammer cyclone mill, gear mill, and low-temperature impact mill) and back addition method (Chopin mill), and their nutritional compositions, polyphenol contents, damaged starch contents, and gelatinization properties were evaluated. The particle size distribution of the resulting brans and the rheological properties of dough made from each of the four whole wheat flours were analyzed. The results showed that back addition had less damaging effect on bran than direct crushing. Among the three direct crushing methods, the particle size of bran ground by low-temperature impact mill was the smallest (118.00 μm). The soluble dietary fiber and free polyphenol contents of whole wheat flour ground by low-temperature impact mill were 2.22% and 48.11 mg/100 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of all three other flours. The relative content of damaged starch in whole wheat flour prepared by the back addition method was 3.85%, which was significantly lower than that of the direct crushing methods. Moreover, the former had better gelatinization properties and viscoelasticity. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the preparation and application of high-quality whole wheat flour.

Wheat is a crucial grain crop in China, yet differentiating different wheat varieties at the mature stage solely through visual observation remains challenging. However, the automatic identification of wheat varieties at the mature stage is very important for field management, planting area, and yield prediction. In order to achieve accurate and efficient recognition of wheat varieties planted in wheat fields, a recognition method based on an enhanced DenseNet network model is proposed in this study. The incorporation of SE and ECA attention mechanisms enhances the feature representation capability, leading to improved model performance and the development of the SECA-L-DenseNet model for wheat variety recognition. The experimental results show that the SECA-L-DenseNet model achieves a classification accuracy of 97.15% on the custom dataset, surpassing the original DenseNet model by 2.13%, which demonstrates a significant improvement. The model enables the accurate identification of wheat varieties in the field and can be integrated into applications for the automated identification of varieties, planting area estimation, and yield prediction in harvester equipment.

Environmental concerns have driven the need to adopt agricultural practices that prioritize sustainability and environmental stewardship. Phosphorus (P) fertilization, combined with the use of beneficial microorganisms, might be included among these practices. This study investigates the effects of two P fertilizer formulations, orthophosphate (Ortho-P) and polyphosphate (Poly-P), on wheat physiology, microbial dynamics and diversity. The research aims to understand how these fertilizers influence plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane. Wheat, a globally critical staple crop, was grown in phosphorus-deficient soils under controlled greenhouse conditions, and the impacts of the fertilizers on plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and microbial communities were evaluated. Poly-P fertilizers, characterized by their slow-release properties, demonstrated an ability to sustain phosphorus availability throughout the wheat growth cycle. Both fertilizer types improved shoot biomass and chlorophyll content, although their influence on microbial diversity varied across plant growth stages and rhizo-compartments. High-throughput sequencing revealed shifts in microbial community composition in the rhizosphere, with specific bacterial taxa showing putative roles in phosphorus solubilization and nutrient cycling. Despite the promising results, the combined application of Poly-P and specific bacterial strains, -capable of P, K, and Zn solubilization, HCN production, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) production, ammonia production, and exhibiting biocontrol activity against Fusarium culmorum-, did not yield significant improvements in crop growth, highlighting the need for further optimization. Despite the promising results, the combined application of Poly-P and specific bacterial strains did not yield significant improvements in crop growth, highlighting the need for further optimization. Future research should focus on field trials to validate these findings under diverse environmental conditions and assess the long-term effects on soil health and microbial diversity. These results provide a preliminary foundation for developing integrated phosphorus management strategies that combine microbial inoculants and advanced fertilizer formulations to enhance crop productivity and sustainability. | SoilPhorLife -6- | 2. Zero hunger

The research was carried out in the conditions of the Northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, with weather indicators in 2023, characterized by elevated temperatures and lack of moisture. The tested products: biogenic FeCo, humic preparation, nanopreparation containing potassium, biogor, bacterial preparation, chemical fungicide had different effects on the morphological parameters of the plant. The development of embryonic organs such as root mass exceeded other options by 0.7 - 1.8 g when using a chemical disinfectant and Biogor Zh. High germination rate of 96% was observed when processing Biogor Zh seeds in a mixture with a bacterial consortium, which is higher than other options by 2-4%. Reduction in sprout length by 1.0 cm relative to absolute control for most options. The options used had no effect on seed diseases and root rot, with the exception of a fungicidal disinfectant with an effectiveness of 93-100%. The growth of the top leaf in the tillering phase - the tubes exceeded by 3-4 cm according to the Biogor-Zh option when treating seeds and plants in the tillering phase. The development of the flag leaf also exceeded when Biogor Zh was used in combination with bacteria, biogenic iron in its pure form and with a humic preparation applied in the tillering phase. Plant biometric indicators such as the weight of stems by 3-6 g, leaves, ears by 1.0-1.7 g exceeded the control and other options when using humic preparations and their mixtures with biogenic iron.