The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parenting efficacy, parenting stress on elementary school children's self-efficacy and daily stress. The subjects were 355 children selected from 4 elementary schools and their mothers. Data was collected using the parenting efficacy index, parenting stress index, children's self-efficacy inventory and children's daily stress inventory. Data was statistically analyzed using the t-test, one way ANOVA(Duncan test), correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were some significant differences in children's self-efficacy according to the child's grade, gender, scholastic achievement, mother education, father education, and income. There were some significant differences in children's daily stress according to the child's grade, gender, and scholastic achievement. Correlation analysis indicated that the maternal parenting efficacy and children's self-efficacy, especially self-confidence had a significant positive correlation, and indicated a negative correlation with children's daily stress. Correlation analysis indicated that maternal parenting stress and children's self-efficacy had a significant negative correlation, and indicated a positive correlation with children's daily stress. It was also found that scholastic achievement, educational distress of the mother, father education were significant predictors of the children's self-efficacy, and healthy parenting ability, father education, stress of a difficult child, scholastic achievement, gender were all significant predictors of the children's daily stress.

The green Bugs of the most damaging pests of pistachio orchards. This Bugs feed in the context of pistachio seeds and this seed falloff. This project has been implemented in three separate position: Kerman, Yazd and Qazvin. In this project EFORIA poison have been compared with Imidaclopride and Acetamipride poisons. The result showed that Eforia has a good control of green bugs of pistachio orchards.

Antifungal activity of ethanol-water extracts of four medicinal plants, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), black seed (Nigella sativa L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. & Perry.) was investigated against pea (Pisum sativum L.) root-rot fungus Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro antifungal activity test shown a high growth inhibition at concentration (4%) of each plant extract. The highest antifungal activity was recorded for clove extract which causes complete growth inhibition at concentration of 1%. Efficacy of clove extract on disease incidence of Rhizoctonia root-rot of pea was investigated in the greenhouse pot experiment. Clove extract at concentration 4% as well as the chemical fungicide recorded highly significant increase in the percentage of survived plants (40 and 48%, respectively) and highly significant decrease in disease incidence.

BACKGROUND: Insecticides are commonly used for ant control around residential homes, but post-treatment runoff may contribute to contamination of surface water in urban watersheds. This study represents the first instance where runoff of insecticides was directly measured after applications around single family residences. During 2007, houses were treated with bifenthrin or fipronil sprays following standard practices. During 2008, pin stream applicators, spray-free zones and restricting sprays to the house foundation were considered as management options.RESULTS: During 2007, the resulting runoff from the bifenthrin spray in the irrigation water had a mean concentration of 14.9 μg L⁻¹ at 1 week post-treatment and 2.5 μg L⁻¹ at 8 weeks, both high enough to be toxic to sensitive aquatic organisms. In comparison, treatments with bifenthrin granules resulted in no detectable concentrations in the runoff water after 8 weeks. The mean concentration for fipronil used as a perimeter spray was 4.2 μg L⁻¹ at 1 week post-treatment and 0.01 μg L⁻¹ at 8 weeks, with the first value also suggesting a potential for causing acute aquatic toxicity to sensitive organisms. During 2008, insecticide runoff was reduced by using spray-free zones and pin stream perimeter applications.CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that insecticide runoff from individual home treatments for ants can be measured and used to improve techniques that minimize runoff. The pin stream application and applications limited to the house foundation should be further evaluated for their potential to reduce pesticide runoff from residential homes.

Borates are well known for their ability to protect wood against fungal and insects attacks. However, their use in outdoor applications is limited due to their high leachability from treated wood. In this study, monoglycerides were investigated as fixative agents to reduce boron depletion from Scots pine using a double vacuum impregnation process involving impregnation with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) followed by a second impregnation with the fixative agent. Significant reduction in boron leachability in samples treated with monoglycerides was observed compared to the standalone boron treated specimens. Evaluation of decay resistance of treated blocks using the brown rot fungus Poria placenta indicated a slight increase of durability, while resistance to termites attacks was strongly improved as demonstrated by the low weight losses and the high termites mortality levels observed. Monoglycerides could therefore be valuable additives to reduce boron depletion for outdoor applications in which wood is exposed to natural leaching conditions.(Résumé d'auteur)

Twenty children aging 2-9 years old—four boys with short hair and 16 girls with long hair—were included in a clinical test on the efficacy of a product against head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). Their hair were exposed to Licatack®, which is a recently developed new anti-louse medicinal product containing extracts of grapefruits besides high quality shampoo components. Prior to this field trial, the product Licatack® was tested dermatologically to be skin safe receiving the grade “very good”. The children's mothers combed the kids prior to the start of the test in order to confirm that they were all lice-infested. The obtained lice were used for in vitro tests. All children were heavily infested. After combing and preservation of the living lice, the hair was wet with tap water. Then, 50 ml of the Licatack® shampoo was placed onto the top of each child's head. Then, the mothers distributed the rather fluid product all over the hair thoroughly from their base at the skin until the free end. During this process, a type of massage, the product became foamy and it was easily recognized where the product covered the hair, thus, avoiding untreated spots. The hair of half of the treated children were washed with tap water after 10 min of exposition; while in the other half of the children, the exposition period was prolonged to 20 min before washing. When combing the kids with a metal louse comb after the washing, the lice were found immobile and they did not recover during the following observation period of 4 h. Only two lice from the group with an exposition time of only 10 min showed some slight leg movements after they had been combed off, but they died within the next 2 h. Thus, this new anti-louse medicinal product has a very quick and efficient activity besides its advantages of being non-inflammable, skin safe, and nice smelling. None of the kids claimed any burning at the skin or other side effects, although the skin showed, prior to treatment, lots of scars due to louse bites. The dead lice always appeared considerably shrunken due to drying. The second treatment after 10 days revealed a few dead larval stages since, apparently, some larvae (apparently treated at an early stage of development when treated) had hatched from the extremely numerous nits in the period between first and second treatment. Experiments with cutoff nits, however, showed that the product also kills larval stages inside nits.

The present study was conducted to check out the efficacy of various antiprotozoal drugs on bovine babesiosis, anaplasmosis and theleriosis. 38 buffaloes naturaly infected with anaplasma, babesia and theileria were selected and divided into four groups. Group A (10), B (10), C (08) and D (10) infected with anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and Infected Control (anaplasmosis (4), anaplasmosis + babesiosis (1 each), babesiosis (2) and theileriosis (2) respectively. Group A was further subdivided into A-I (5 animals with pure Anaplasmosis) and A-II (5 animals with mixed infection of Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis). Group-A was treated with a single dose of imidocarb dipropionate (3 mg / kg body weight). In Group A-I one animal recovered completely, 02 moderately while remaining 02 animals did not respond. The later 02 animals recovered completely after additional 02 doses of 4 mg/kg body weight. In case of group A-II complete recovery was recorded in one animal, moderate recovery in three animals while one animal showed no responsel. Group B was treated with Diminazene acceturate (3. 5 mg / kg body weight) administered as a single dose. 6 animals recovered completely, 02 moderately while 02 animals showed no response. Group C was treated with a single dose of Buparvaqune (2.5 mg / kg body weight), complete recovery was recorded in 4 animals, 2 animals showed no response, while 2 animals with severe infection died after 24 hrs. [Vet. World 2010; 3(6.000): 272-274]

The efficacy of two methods of spraying of acaricides on tick-infested sheep and goats was assessed. Two pyrethroid acaricides, 0.15% sumicidin and 0.20% butox were sprayed on individual animal one by one or on group of ten animals kept in small enclosures at a time, totally involving 40 sheep and 40 goats for each method. The efficacy, as seen from the total efficacy score (TES) of the former method of spraying, was found to be higher than the latter. But the advantages of the group spraying were that it saved the time in spraying and the quantity of acaricidal emulsion.

To change dietary behaviors, people must be motivated to do so. But intentions often do not translate into behavior. Strategic planning (as a mediator) is expected to move people from intention to action. However, individuals who lack perceived self-efficacy might fail to apply their plans when encountering challenging situations. Thus, self-efficacy might operate as a moderator variable when it comes to studying the mediator effects of planning on behaviors. This study examines the interactive role of planning and self-efficacy in the context of dietary changes. A longitudinal sample of 411 employees was surveyed twice in terms of their fruit and vegetable consumption over a 4-week interval. Intentions, planning, and fruit and vegetable consumption were specified as a mediator chain with self-efficacy as a moderator at two stages of the putative change process. Baseline behavior served as a covariate in the model. Intentions were translated into dietary behavior by planning. Self-efficacy moderated this mediation at the second stage, reflected by a planning x self-efficacy interaction on fruit and vegetable consumption. The strength of the mediated effect increased along with levels of self-efficacy. Individuals with very low self-efficacy did not benefit from planning. If a person lacks self-efficacy, planning does not seem to translate intentions into fruit and vegetable consumption.