Приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния химических и биологических фунгицидов при протравливании семян и листовой обработке растений на рост и развитие растений подсолнечника. Рассмотрены вопросы продуктивности подсолнечника в зависимости от обработки фунгицидами. Установлено, что обработка семян и посевов биологическим фунгицидом способствует повышению интенсивности разложения целлюлозы в посевах подсолнечника. | The paper contains the results of studies of the effect of chemical and biological fungicides in seed dressings and sheet processing plants on the growth and development of sunflower plants. Issues of sunflower productivity depending on processing of fungicides are considered. It is determined that treatment of seeds and crops by biological fungicide contributes to increase intensity of cellulose decomposition in crops of sunflower.

Hyperacidity causes gastric injury, and in severe situations, ulcer could develop. The growth factors known as<br />the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been recognized to promote<br />ulcer healing. Fucoidan is extracted from a brown seaweed of Okinawa called Mozuku or Cladosiphon okamuranus.<br />Fucoidan is effective for the healing of gastric ulcers by inducing epithelial cells to produce growth factors. The aim<br />of this study is to explore the efficacy of fucoidan in patient who suffered by gastric ulcer. A randomized control trial<br />double blind was conducted to 33 eligible samples. By using four-blocks random samples were divided into fucoidan<br />and placebo groups. 100 mg of fucoidan was given to the fucoidan group and 100 mg of glucose was given to the<br />placebo group. Due to ethical reasons, for both groups were given a proton pump inhibitor. There was no difference<br />in the age category between the fucoidan group (mean: 46.23 &plusmn; 14.8 years) and the placebo group (mean: 46.18 &plusmn; 18.4<br />years) (p: 0.28). There was also no difference in sex between the fucoidan group (female: 10/33; male 7/33) and the<br />placebo group (female: 7/33; male: 9/33); p: 0.38. According to the SAKITA and MIWA criterias 32 patients fulfilled<br />A1 which indicate active severe ulcer, and 1 patient fulfilled A2 which indicate active moderate ulcer. Most of the<br />ulcers were gastric ulcer. There was a significant improvement of the grade of ulcer in fucoidan group (94%) (16/17)<br />compared to placebo group (37.5%) (6/16,p: 0.005). There was a significant reduction of abdominal pain after 5 days<br />in the fucoidan group, compared to the placebo group (p: 0.04). Vomiting tends to decrease in day 6 of the fucoidan<br />group however its proportion is similar with that of the placebo group (p: 0.9). Fucoidan is effective for ulcer healing<br />and reducing ulcer symptoms.<br />Key words : fucoidan, gastric ulcer, anti-peptic activity

The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the efficacy of florfenicol (FFC) in the treatment of caprine pasteurellosis (CP) in goats of different age and sex. Forty Saanen goats of both sexes, aged 2 months to 2 years, with natural infection by Pasteurella multocida in the Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey were used in this study. Prior to the study, animals were randomly divided into two groups: 30 animals assigned to the FFC group were injected intramuscularly with FFC, two doses of 20mg/kg body weight at a 48-h interval. The remaining 10 animals, not medicated with any antibiotic, served as a control group (C). All animals assessed at baseline and on days 1 (first day of study), 3 (third day of study), 7 and 10. FFC-treated goats showed a significant clinical improvement when compared to controls (P<0.05). All the animals in C which still showed signs of CP were crossed over to FFC treatment at the end of the study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide compared with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel. Fifty enamel-dentin samples were obtained from bovine incisors and then stained in a tea solution. The stained samples were randomly divided into five groups according to the whitening product applied (n=10): AS: no whitening (negative control), with the samples stored in artificial saliva; CR: Crest 3D White mouthwash; LS: Listerine Whitening mouthwash; SC: Scope White mouthwash; and OP group: 10% CP Opalescence PF (positive control). Color measurements were carried out with a spectrophotometer before staining, after staining, and on the 7th, 28th, and 56th day of the whitening period. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey post hoc test. The color change (ΔE) was significantly greater in all the groups compared to that of the AS group. After 56 days, no significant differences were found among the mouthwash products with respect to color change (P>0.05). The whiteness of the teeth treated with the mouthwashes increased significantly over time. Nevertheless, the color change achieved with the mouthwashes was significantly lower than that achieved with the 10% CP at-home bleaching gel.

Due to increasing resistance of pathogens towards standard antimicrobial procedures, alternative approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens are necessary in support of regular modalities. In this instance, the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) may be a promising alternative. For clinical application of PIB it is essential to ensure appropriate comparison of given photosensitizer (PS)-light source systems, which is complicated by distinct absorption and emission characteristics of given PS and their corresponding light sources, respectively.Consequently, in the present study two strategies for adjustment of irradiation parameters are evaluated: (i) matching energy doses applied by respective light sources (common practice) and (ii) by development and application of a formula for adjusting the numbers of photons absorbed by PS upon irradiation by their corresponding light sources. Since according to the photodynamic principle one PS molecule is excited by the absorption of one photon, this formula allows comparison of photodynamic efficacy of distinct PS per excited molecule.In light of this, the antimicrobial photodynamic efficacy of recently developed PS SAPYR was compared to that of clinical standard PS Methylene Blue (MB) regarding inactivation of monospecies biofilms formed by Enterococcus faecalis and Actinomyces naeslundii whereby evaluating both adjustment strategies.PIB with SAPYR exhibited CFU-reductions of 5.1 log10 and 6.5 log10 against E. faecalis and A. naeslundii, respectively, which is declared as a disinfectant efficacy. In contrast, the effect of PIB with MB was smaller when the applied energy dose was adjusted compared to SAPYR (CFU-reductions of 3.4 log10 and 4.2 log10 against E. faecalis and A. naeslundii), or there was even no effect at all when the number of absorbed photons was adjusted compared to SAPYR. Since adjusting the numbers of absorbed photons is the more precise and adequate method from a photophysical point ..

An experiment was conducted with different combinations of botanicals and fungicides in nine treatments, one water spray and another absolute control treatment on susceptible genotype Akms 14B of Sorghum for reducing the grain mold. The observations were recorded on five randomly selected cobs from each treatment and replication viz., FGMR, per cent grain infected, per cent fungi associated at milk stage and 1000 seed weight. Lowest FGMR (7.50%) and per cent grain infection (14.60%) were observed in treatment Pyraclostrobin (0.1%) against water sprayed treatment i.e. 52.20% and 61.90%, respectively. The minimum association of seed borne fungi was recorded from same treatment i.e. Pyraclostrobin (0.1%) at milk stage. The fungi associated with sorghum seeds viz, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, Phoma sorghina, Drechslera tetramera, F. semitectum, Cladosporium oxysporum and Bipolaris sorghicola showed positive significant association with FGMR and per cent grain infected. The highest 1000 seed weight (31.00 g) was found in treatment Pyraclostrobin (0.1%).

Weeds are one of the most important factors that impose a great threat to crop yield. In order to alleviate weed infestation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), efficacy of various doses of ACM 9 were tested during Rabi 2010 to 2011 at Norman E. Borlough Crop Research Center, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Results revealed that ACM 9 applied at 1000 and 1200 g/ha severely reduced total density and dry weight of weeds as compared to control, while poor weed control was achieved using clodinafop 400 g/ha and metribuzin 300 g/ha. Highest grain yield of wheat was recorded with ACM 9 at 1200 g/ha (4.09 t/ha) during 2010 while in 2011, it was with ACM 9 at 1000 g/ha (4.16 t/ha). Post-emergence application of ACM 9 at 1200 and 1000 g/ha caused increase in wheat yield (18.2 and 97.4% during 2010 and 2011, respectively) over control.

The polarity and partitioning of antioxidants (AOX) in lipid dispersions and bulk oils have a large impact on efficacy, but this has not yet been studied in low-moisture foods. Using a homologous series of rosmarinic esters as AOX in crackers, we determined that efficacy increases with increasing hydrophobicity based on lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal generation. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the location of both lipids and AOX. Hydrophobic rosmarinic esters partitioned more closely with the lipid than rosmarinic acid, presumably placing the hydrophobic AOX at the site of oxidation reactions. Partitioning and efficacy of the intermediate polarity ester were affected by mode of incorporation (e.g., added to the water or to the lipid prior to dough formation). The synthetic AOXs propyl gallate, butylhydroxytoluene, and tert-butylhydroquinone gave similar results with the more hydrophobic BHT and TBHQ being more effective at reducing lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal generation than the more hydrophilic propyl gallate. These results provide important information on which AOX would be most effective in low-moisture foods. (Résumé d'auteur)

Wheat is the important cereal crops after rice in India. India is the second largest producer of wheat next to China. Of the three rusts, leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. Ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici is the most important fungal disease of wheat which inflicting heavy losses in different parts of the country. In vitro evaluation of four non-systemic and eight systemic fungicides at five different concentrations (50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) were evaluated to control uredospores germination of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. Among non-systemic fungicides revealed that maximum inhibition of uredospores germination was observed in mancozeb (54.85%) followed by chlorothalonil (40.89%). The different concentrations tried, the maximum inhibition of uredospores germination was at 1000 ppm of mancozeb which inhibited 83.33 per cent uredospores germination followed by same fungicide with 500 ppm (72.31%). Among systemic fungicides, propiconazole found the best for inhibition of 86.03 per cent uredospores germination followed by hexaconazole and penconazole with 77.40 and 72.29 per cent, respectively.

Imidacloprid treated plots was most effective against Leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal. All the treatments were most effective after first spray where imidacloprid and dimethoate were highly effective in reduction of shoot infestation after second spray followed by other treatments. All the remaining insecticides found following order of preference in fruit damage reduction viz., imidacloprid> indoxacarb> dimethoate> spinosad> azadirachtin> Bt. The highest seed yield increase was obtained from imidacloprid treated plots and cost benefit ratio (1:63.15) was highest.