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Caveats to quantifying ecosystem services: fruit abortion blurs benefits from crop pollination Full text
2007
Bos, Merijn M. | Veddeler, Dorthe | Bogdanski, Anne K. | Klein, Alexandra-Maria | Tscharntke, Teja | Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf | Tylianakis, Jason M.
The recent trend to place monetary values on ecosystem services has led to studies on the economic importance of pollinators for agricultural crops. Several recent studies indicate regional, long‐term pollinator declines, and economic consequences have been derived from declining pollination efficiencies. However, use of pollinator services as economic incentives for conservation must consider environmental factors such as drought, pests, and diseases, which can also limit yields. Moreover, “flower excess” is a well‐known reproductive strategy of plants as insurance against unpredictable, external factors that limit reproduction. With three case studies on the importance of pollination levels for amounts of harvested fruits of three tropical crops (passion fruit in Brazil, coffee in Ecuador, and cacao in Indonesia) we illustrate how reproductive strategies and environmental stress can obscure initial benefits from improved pollination. By interpreting these results with findings from evolutionary sciences, agronomy, and studies on wild‐plant populations, we argue that studies on economic benefits from pollinators should include the total of ecosystem processes that (1) lead to successful pollination and (2) mobilize nutrients and improve plant quality to the extent that crop yields indeed benefit from enhanced pollinator services. Conservation incentives that use quantifications of nature's services to human welfare will benefit from approaches at the ecosystem level that take into account the broad spectrum of biological processes that limit or deliver the service.
Show more [+] Less [-]Crops, browse and pollinators in Africa Full text
2007
Pollination is an ecosystem service that is key to food security. Pollinators are essential for many fruit and vegetable crops. In agriculture, especially amongst pollen-limited crops, promoting pollination services is a means of increasing productivity without resorting to expensive agricultural inputs of pesticides or herbicides. As wild ecosystems are increasingly converted to more human-dominated uses to meet the compelling demand of food security, it is critical for us to understand what pollination services are most important for food security, and how we can preserve pollinator services in sustainable farming systems. FAO, through the FAO/Netherlands Partnership Program, supported an initial stock-taking of pollinator-dependent crops and browse plants in Africa, presented in this document.--Publisher's description.
Show more [+] Less [-]Diversity of Pollinator Insects in Relation to Seed Set of Mustard (Brassica rapa L.: Cruciferae) Full text
2007
TRI ATMOWIDI | DAMAYANTI BUCHORI | SJAFRIDA MANUWOTO | BAMBANG SURYOBROTO | PURNAMA HIDAYAT
Pollinators provide key services to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural productivity depends, in part, on pollinator populations from adjacent seminatural habitats. Here we analysed the diversity of pollinator insects and its effect to seed set of mustard (Brassica rapa) planted in agricultural ecosystem near the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java. At least 19 species of insects pollinated the mustard, and three species, i.e. Apis cerana, Ceratina sp., and Apis dorsata showed a high abundance. The higher abundance and species richness of pollinators occurred at 08.30-10.30 am and the diversity was related to the number of flowering plants. Insect pollinations increased the number of pods, seeds per pod, seed weights per plant, and seed germination.
Show more [+] Less [-]Diversity of Pollinator Insects in Relation to Seed Set of Mustard (Brassica rapa L.: Cruciferae) Full text
2007
TRI ATMOWIDI | DAMAYANTI BUCHORI | SJAFRIDA MANUWOTO | BAMBANG SURYOBROTO | PURNAMA HIDAYAT
Pollinators provide key services to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural productivity depends, in part, on pollinator populations from adjacent seminatural habitats. Here we analysed the diversity of pollinator insects and its effect to seed set of mustard (Brassica rapa) planted in agricultural ecosystem near the Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java. At least 19 species of insects pollinated the mustard, and three species, i.e. Apis cerana, Ceratina sp., and Apis dorsata showed a high abundance. The higher abundance and species richness of pollinators occurred at 08.30-10.30 am and the diversity was related to the number of flowering plants. Insect pollinations increased the number of pods, seeds per pod, seed weights per plant, and seed germination.
Show more [+] Less [-]Linking deforestation scenarios to pollination services and economic returns in coffee agroforestry systems Full text
2007
Priess, J. A. | Mimler, M. | Klein, A.-M. | Schwarze, S. | Tscharntke, T. | Steffan-Dewenter, I.
The ecological and economic consequences of rain forest conversion and fragmentation for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services like protection of soils, water retention, pollination, or biocontrol are poorly understood. In human‐dominated tropical landscapes, forest remnants may provide ecosystem services and act as a source for beneficial organisms immigrating into adjacent annual and perennial agro‐ecosystems. In this study, we use empirical data on the negative effects of increasing forest distance on both pollinator diversity and fruit set of coffee to estimate future changes in pollination services for different land use scenarios in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Spatially explicit land use simulations demonstrate that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously and thus directly reduce coffee yields by up to 18%, and net revenues per hectare up to 14% within the next two decades (compared to average yields of the year 2001). Currently, forests in the study area annually provide pollination services worth 46 Euros per hectare. However, our simulations also revealed a potential win‐win constellation, in which ecological and economic values can be preserved, if patches of forests (or other natural vegetation) are maintained in the agricultural landscape, which could be a viable near future option for local farmers and regional land use planners.
Show more [+] Less [-]Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change Full text
2007
Kremen, C. | Williams, N. M. | Aizen, M. A. | Gemmill-Herren, B. | LeBuhn, G. | Minckley, R. | Packer, L. | Potts, S. G. | Roulston, T. | Steffan-Dewenter, I. | Vazquez, D. P. | Winfree, R. | Adams, L. | Crone, E. E. | Greenleaf, S. S. | Keitt, T. H. | Klein, A. M. | Regetz, J. | Ricketts, T. H.
Many ecosystem services are delivered by organisms that depend on habitats that are segregated spatially or temporally from the location where services are provided. Management of mobile organisms contributing to ecosystem services requires consideration not only of the local scale where services are delivered, but also the distribution of resources at the landscape scale, and the foraging ranges and dispersal movements of the mobile agents. We develop a conceptual model for exploring how one such mobile-agent-based ecosystem service (MABES), pollination, is affected by land-use change, and then generalize the model to other MABES. The model includes interactions and feedbacks among policies affecting land use, market forces and the biology of the organisms involved. Animal-mediated pollination contributes to the production of goods of value to humans such as crops; it also bolsters reproduction of wild plants on which other services or service-providing organisms depend. About one-third of crop production depends on animal pollinators, while 60-90% of plant species require an animal pollinator. The sensitivity of mobile organisms to ecological factors that operate across spatial scales makes the services provided by a given community of mobile agents highly contextual. Services vary, depending on the spatial and temporal distribution of resources surrounding the site, and on biotic interactions occurring locally, such as competition among pollinators for resources, and among plants for pollinators. The value of the resulting goods or services may feed back via market-based forces to influence land-use policies, which in turn influence land management practices that alter local habitat conditions and landscape structure. Developing conceptual models for MABES aids in identifying knowledge gaps, determining research priorities, and targeting interventions that can be applied in an adaptive management context.
Show more [+] Less [-]Funktionelle Vielfalt von Hymenopteren entlang eines Gradienten agroforstlicher Nutzung in Indonesien | Functional diversity of Hymenoptera along a gradient of agroforestry management in Indonesia Full text
2008 | 2007
Höhn, Patrick | Tscharntke, Teja Prof. Dr. | Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf Prof. Dr. | Vidal, Stefan Prof. Dr. | Schaefer, Matthias Prof. Dr.
Die Rodungsrate von Primärregenwäldern aufgrund der Ausdehnung landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen ist in Südostasien höher als in anderen tropischen Regionen der Erde. Der Verlust tropischer Wälder gilt als Hauptursache für die Bedrohung globaler Biodiversität, da 50-90 % aller Arten weltweit in tropischen Wäldern vermutet werden. Daher erlangen anthropogen beeinflusste Landschaften und Agroforstsysteme immer mehr Bedeutung zur Bewahrung der globalen Biodiversität. Biodiversität beeinflusst die Intensität von Ökosystemfunktionen, wobei komplementäre Ressourcennutzung durch unterschiedliche Arten ein wesentlicher Mechanismus ist. Hohe Bestäuberleistung ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für zahlreiche Ökosystemfunktionen, wie zum Beispiel Nahrungsmittelproduktion, deren Grundlage ein möglichst hohes Pflanzenwachstum ist. Insbesondere den Bestäubern kommt dadurch eine besondere Bedeutung für die Befriedigung menschlicher Bedürfnisse zu. Global wichtige Agroforstsysteme umfasse! n unter anderem Kaffee (Coffea sp. L.) und Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.), zwei ökonomisch wichtige Kulturpflanzen, die traditionell unter eine Krone von Schattenbäumen angepflanzt werden und deren Fruchtansatz von hoher Bestäuberleistung abhängig ist. Aufgrund der hohen Vielfalt an gepflanzten Schatten- und Fruchtbäumen entsprechen Agroforstsysteme am ehesten Primärwäldern und stellen ein kaum erforschtes Ersatzhabitat für zahlreiche tropische Waldarten dar. Mein Ziel war es, die Bedeutung von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Systemen für den Erhalt verschiedener Hymenopteren (u.a. biologische Schädlingsbekämpfer und Bestäuber) abzuschätzen. Ich analysierte einen Landnutzungsgradienten in einem tropischen Waldgebiet von Primärregenwäldern und Agroforstsystemen die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Schattenbaumvielfalt unterschieden, bis hin zu offenem Grasland und Brachen. Ich bewertete die relative Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Höhenstufen innerhalb der Primärwälder und Agroforstsysteme mit Hilfe von Nisthilfen. Nisthilfen bieten eine standardisierte Erfassungsmöglichkeit für verschiedene Gilden von Hymenopteren und deren Gegenspielern, die überirdisch Nester anlegen. Des Weiteren untersuchte ich den Zusammenhang zwischen Bestäubervielfalt sowie Habitatqualität und Ertrag. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden auch artspezifische Unterschiede in der Ressourcennutzung erfasst, welche eine Erklärung für den positiven Effekt hoher Artenvielfalt auf den Ertrag lieferten. Ein weiterer Teil meiner Arbeit war der Beitrag, den Agroforstsysteme für den Erhalt hoher Dichten einer Schädlinge reduzierenden Wespenart über den Zeitraum eines Jahres liefern können. Die Untersuchungen fanden in Zentralsulawesi (Indonesien) in der Umgebung des Dorfes Toro, welches in der Randzone eines tropischen Primärwaldes (Lore Lindu National Park) gelegen ist, statt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die absolute Artenzahl im Unterwuchs mit steigender Landnutzungsintensität erhöhte und im Offenland maximale Werte erreichte. Durch statistische Schätzfunktionen und die so genannte ‚additive partitioning’ Methode, erwiesen sich jedoch Agroforstsysteme aufgrund der hohen Bewirtschaftungsvielfalt in der Region als artenreicher verglichen mit Primärwald und Offenland. Agroforstsysteme bieten eine höhere floristische Vielfalt im Unterwuchs als Primärwälder und bessere Nistmöglichkeiten für Höhlenbrüter als offene Habitate. Der Kronenbereich von Primärregenwäldern erwies sich als weitaus wichtiger für Nisthilfe besiedelnde Bienen und Wespen als der Unterwuchs. Dieses Verteilungsmuster kehrte sich mit zunehmender Intensivierung in den Agroforstsystemen um, sodass in den am intensivsten genutzten Flächen der Unterwuchs am artenreichsten war. Die Verfügbarkeit von Nahrungsressourcen, sowie das Mikroklima scheinen den Kronenbereich in Primärwäldern für die meisten Arten zu einem günstigeren Lebensraum zu machen und können dazu führen, dass die Artenvielfalt unzureichend erfasst wird, wenn ausschließlich der Unterwuchs beprobt wird. Zusätzlich zeigten Agroforstsysteme eine erhöhte beta Diversität zwischen den Untersuchungsflächen, aufgrund einer vielfältigen Landnutzung. Dies verdeutlicht, dass Landnutzung auf regionaler Skalenebene einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Erhalt einer hohen Artenvielfalt liefern kann. Ich verwendete standardisierte Kürbispflanzungen in unterschiedlichen Habitattypen, um den Effekt von Bestäubervielfalt auf den Ertrag abzuschätzen. Die bestäubenden Bienen zeigten artspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Blütenbesuchs, wie Höhe, Zeit und mit der Körpergröße assoziierte Verhaltensweisen während des Blütenbesuchs. Diese Untersuchung liefert erste empirische Belege eines Zusammenhangs zwischen raum-zeitlicher sowie Verhaltenskomplementarität hinsichtlich der Ressourcennutzung einer Bestäubergemeinschaft und daraus resultierender Ertragssteigerung. Außerdem zeige ich, dass die Wildbienengemeinschaft in Abwesenheit imkerlich bewirtschafteter Bienenvölker in der Lage ist, die volle Bestäubungsleistung aufrechtzuerhalten. Unter Verwendung der häufig vorkommenden Wespenart Rhynchium haemorrhoidale (F.) (Eumenidae, Hymenoptera), zeige ich, dass Agroforstsysteme hohe Dichten eines Schädlingsbekämpfers, selbst bei intensiver Landnutzung aufrechterhalten können. Tropische Regionen erfahren geringere saisonale Klimaschwankungen zwischen den Jahreszeiten verglichen mit gemäßigten Zonen. Trotzdem konnte ich für R. haemorrhoidale starke saisonale Änderungen hinsichtlich der Dichte und Körpergrößer aufgrund einer Kombination von Einflüssen (z.B. Klima, Nahrungsangebot, Parasitierung) feststellen. Diese Schwankungen sind unabhängig vom untersuchten Habitattyp. Zusammenfassend können Agroforstsysteme einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Erhalt der Bestäubervielfalt im Unterwuchs und hoher Dichten biologischer Schädlingsbekämpfer spielen. Die Bedeutung des Kronenbereichs für die Artenvielfalt nimmt jedoch mit zunehmender Landnutzungsintensität ab und ist in Primärwäldern besonders wichtig. Weiterhin konnte ich zeigen, dass die Ökosystemfunktion Bestäubung und somit der Ertrag stark von der funktionellen Vielfalt an Bestäubern abhängt. Geringe Landnutzungsintensität und ein komplexer Kronenbereich der Schattenbäume scheinen die lokale und regionale Hymenopterenvielfalt zu erhöhen und dadurch wichtige Ökosystemfunktionen zu entscheidend zu befördern. Meine Ergebnisse verdeutlichen wie bedeutsam es ist, Landnutzungssysteme in Landschaftsschutzkonzepten zu berücksichtigen. | The rate of deforestation of primary tropical forests due to agricultural expansion is higher in Southeast Asia compared to all other world's tropical regions. Deforestation in tropical forests is a major threat for global biodiversity, because estimated 50-90 % of the world's species are living in tropical forests. Therefore, human dominated landscapes and forested land-use systems such as agroforestry become increasingly important as a storage reservoir of global biodiversity. Biodiversity is related to ecosystem functioning, with complementarity in resource use as a major mechanism. Pollination is essential for plant-derived ecosystem services such as food production, and pollinators are one of the major functional groups for human well-being. Agroforestry systems often include coffee (Coffea sp. L.) and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) as important cash crops, traditionally crown under a canopy of shade trees and with fruit set depending on pollination. Because of the variety of planted shade and fruit trees, agroforestry systems resemble primary forests more than any other agricultural habitat type and have great but little explored potential to offer substitute habitats for many tropical forest species. My aim was to evaluate the importance of agricultural systems for conservation of trap-nesting Hymenoptera and the pollinator community. I analyzed a land-use gradient in a tropical forested landscape, from primary forests, agroforestry systems differing in diversity of the shade trees and openland such as grassland and fallow land. I assessed the relative importance of different strata for species richness with trap nests, which offer standardized nesting resources for different guilds of above-ground nesting Hymenoptera and their antagonists. Furthermore, I linked pollinator richness to habitat modification and final crop yield and analyzed species-specific differences in resource use. I also assessed the contribution of agroforestry system for the maintenance of high densities of a pest predating wasp species over the course of one year. This study took place in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia) in the surrounding of the village Toro at the margin of a primary tropical forest (Lore Lindu National Park). The results show that total bee species richness in the herb layer increased with increasing land-use intensity and was highest in openland. However, species richness estimation and additive partitioning of biodiversity revealed higher overall bee species richness, presumably due to high management diversity, in agroforestry systems compared to primary forests and openland. Agroforestry systems offer higher floral diversity in the understorey, due to the richer herb layer and cash crops, than primary forests and provide more nesting sites for cavity-nesting bee species than openland. The canopy in primary forests was far more important for trap-nesting bee and wasp richness than the understorey. This pattern reversed with intensification in agroforestry systems where highest richness was found in the understorey. Food resource availability and microclimatic conditions appeared to make the canopy in primary forests a more suitable habitat for most species and might cause underestimation of species richness when only lower strata are sampled. In addition, agroforestry habitats showed high beta diversity due to high land-use diversity and between-plot community dissimilarity, showing that agricultural management can be crucial for conservation plannings on a landscape scale. I used standardized pumpkin plantations in different habitat types to test the effect of pollinator diversity on crop yield. Bee pollinators showed species specific differences in flower visiting traits, such as height, time and body size-related flower visiting behaviour. I provide the first empirical evidence of the relation between spatiotemporal and behavioural complementarity in resource use of a pollinator community causing increased crop yield. Furthermore, I show that the native bee community can sustain pollination services in absence of managed honey bees. Using the highly abundant wasp species Rhynchium haemorrhoidale (F.) (Eumenidae, Hymenoptera), I show that agroforestry systems can maintain high insect densities of a pest predator, even under intense land-use management. Tropical regions experience lower climatic fluctuations between the seasons compared to temperate zones. However, R. haemorrhoidale undergoes seasonal changes in density and body size, due to a complex combination of potential reasons (e.g. climate, food supply, parasitism) independent of habitat type. In conclusion, agroforestry systems can play a crucial role in the conservation of the understorey pollinator communities and densities of pest predators, whereas the importance of the canopy for species richness is increasing with decreasing land-use intensity and is highest in primary forests. Furthermore, I show that the ecosystem service of pollination and crop yield strongly depends on the bees' functional diversity. Low-intensity land-use and a complex shade-tree canopy appear to increase local and regional Hymenoptera richness and to sustain important ecosystem services, showing the necessity to include such agricultural systems in landscape-wide conservation programs.
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