Postharvest losses caused by disease and insect were greater in the mid-season. Influence of modified atmospheres on storage life and quality of rambutans was investigated. Fruits were packed in corrugated cartons with and without polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) liners; in sealed PE bags with and without ventilation holes; or treated with 15 and 50 % CO2 for 3, 6 and 12 hours prior to storage at 8, 10 and 12 deg C (90 % RH). Fruits stored at 18 and 10 deg C exhibited chilling injury (Cl) on day 6 and 8, respectively. Fruits stored in corrugated cartons with and without plastic film liners at 12 deg C had the longest storage life of 13.4-13.9 days but PVC liner gave a better quality. Fruits stored in sealed PE bags with 1 ventilation hole at 12 deg C in which contained 0.25-0.68 % CO2 and 16.13-19.52 % O2 had the longest storage life of 18 days and developed Cl more slowly, while the control had the storage life of 7.7 days and developed Cl earlier. Pretreatment with CO2 at 15 and 50 % for 3, 6 and 12 hours before storage did not affect biochemical changes and storage life but caused early wilting of spinters. Fruits were placed in foamtrays and wrapped with 'Reynolds' or 'Sun Wrap' PVC film and stored at 17 deg C (88 % RH). Fruits wrapped with 'Reynolds' PVC film had better quality and storage at 17 deg C was better than at 25 deg C.

Black point is an important disease found in most wheat growing areas. A number of fungi have been reported associated with the disease. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria tenuis are generally considered as the primary causal organisms. The infected seed is characterised by brown to black embryo region. With varied intensity of the diffuse discoloration the seed may become discolored and shriveled and can be seen generally at in the case of severe infection. It resultes in reduction in germination and nutritional value. High humidity and high temperature of 26 to 30 deg C and the relative humidity of 90 percent in the area where rainfalls occur during seed maturation are favour to the disease development. Appropriate planting date to avoid warm and wet conditions during maturing stage is a highly effective measure for the control of the disease. Black point is also seed transmitted disease. Thus in storage, seed moisture content should not exceed 8 percent and seeds should be treated with fungicide since the seed moisture content exceeding 20 percent enhances the disease severity.

In this review, treatment of type I glycogen storage disease is examined in detail. Special emphasis is placed on both the pathophysiologic mechanisms present in GSD-I and their response to nutritional therapy. In addition, specific practical dietary management of GSD-I is discussed. Other types of GSD that may benefit from dietary therapies are reviewed.

It was found that three of the four seedlots contained a high proportion of either undersized or oversized tubers. They also had a high incidence of tuber injuries and contained varietal mixtures which were beyond the limits set by BPI [Bureau of Plant Industry, Manila, Philippines]. Variation in seed size and varietal mixtures could be traced to differences in management practices during seed production. On the other hand, the high level of tuber injury which was observed in all seedlots can be attributed to improper harvesting and postharvest practices. After six weeks of storage in either location, almost all tubers had sprouted, but the sprouts had not yet reached the ideal size for planting. Seedlots with higher proportions of large sized tubers tended to sprout earlier and produced more and longer sprouts after six weeks of storage (WS). Cumulative weight loss (CWL) of tubers stored in Los Banos [Laguna, Philippines] ranged from 7-19% after 6 WS, about half of which on the average, was due to moisture loss. In Baguio, the CWL of tubers after 6 WS was slightly higher (12-23%) than that recorded in Los Banos. Moisture loss did not vary significantly among seedlots. However, total weight loss differences can be attributed to differences in disease load. Among the disease organisms identified in storage, bacterial wilt-causing organism (Pseudomonas solanacearum) was detected in all seedlots and was most dominant (3 to 10.1%), followed by Fusarium spp. which caused dry rot (0 to 8.7%), and Phoma exigua which caused gangrene (0 to 9.6%). Other pests observed were Phytophthora erythroseptica which caused pink rot, Erwinia spp. which is associated with blackleg and Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth)

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I) is frequently complicated by severe hyperlipoproteinemia and the increased potential risk of premature atherosclerosis. The effects of fish-oil supplementation [MaxEPA, 10 g.(1.73 m2)-1 for 3 mo) were investigated prospectively in seven hyperlipoproteinemic patients with GSD-I. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia improved after 3 mo of fish-oil treatment, decreasing 49% (P < 0.005) and 23%, respectively. This was accompanied by a reduction in both low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (25%, P < 0.03) and apolipoprotein B (40%) and by increased high-density-lipoprotein increased (HDL) cholesterol (30%, P < 0.002) and apolipoprotein A-I (31%, P < 0.05). Low pretreatment ratios of HDL to total cholesterol and HDL to LDL, indicators of elevated atherosclerosis risk, increased significantly (P <0.05). Plasma lipoprotein profile as well as lipoprotein composition [triglyceride (TG) enrichment and cholesteryl depletion] improved. Reduced TG concentrations were due to enhanced fat catabolism, as evidenced by the significantly increased hepatic and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase activity (P < 0.05). Withdrawal of fish oil for 3 mo was associated with a return to pretreatment abnormalities in plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Fish-oil supplementation thus improves the hyperlipoproteinemia in GSD-I and may significantly reduce the risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

β-mannosidosis is a recently recognized lysosomal storage disease in newborn Salers calves. Fourteen calves with β-mannosidase deficiency were examined. Twelve calves were from routine laboratory submissions, and two calves were the result of a breeding trial. Salers calves with β-mannosidase deficiency were of normal gestational weight, 36 ± 6 kg, but were affected at birth. The head was moderately domed, and there was mild superior brachygnathism. The calves were recumbent and had a head tremor. There was bilateral renal enlargement, severe hypomyelination in the brain and variable thyroid gland enlargement. Severe cytoplasmic vacuolation was present within neurons, tubule epithelial cells, follicular cells and macrophages of the nervous, renal, thyroid and lymphoid tissues, respectively. Pedigree analysis and breeding trial results were consistent with an autosomal recessive disease. An initial biochemical survey of 1,494 Salers cattle indicated a carrier frequency of 23%.

Emphasizes the main aspects of hygiene necessary for the production, preparation, sale and service of safe and palatable food. Topics discussed include bacteriology; reservoirs and vehicles of infection and ways of spread; epidemiology; outbreaks of food poisoning and other food-borne disease; spoilage and preservation; personal hygiene of the food handler; preparation, cooking, cooling and storage; food hygiene in food manufacture and in the retail trade; cleaning and disinfection; food premises and equipment; control of infestation; legislation; etc. Directed toward those concerned with food microbiology and food hygiene, in order to improve preventive measures.

Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the basal stems of diseased alstroemeria showing symptoms of dark brown stripes along leaf margins, leaf chlorosis, plant wilting, browning or rotting of basal stem, rhizome, and storage and fibrous roots. The pathogen isolated most frequently was Fusarium spp. (40.5% of plants examined). Pythium spp. and R. solani were isolated less frequently (5.5% and 6.8% of plants examined, respectively). F. oxysporum caused the highest mortality in alstroemeria when rhizomes were grown in unsterilized soil-less mix medium. This is the first report in North America of a root-rot disease complex affecting alstroemeria

The disease control efficacy of quarantine heat treatments developed for fruit fly disinfestation in mangoes cv. Kensington Pride was evaluated in this study. Heat was applied using high humidity (>95% r.h.) hot air (HHHA) at temperatures ranging from 47–49°C. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , was well controlled in mangoes heated to a core temperature of 46°C, 47°C or 48°C for 24, 10 or 8 min respectively, prior to ripening at 23°C for 16 days. Stem end rot, caused by Dothiorella dominicana and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was not satisfactorily controlled by these treatments. In a subsequent experiment, fruit were immersed in a hot benomyl (0.5 g a.i. litre“ 1 at 52°C for 5 min) or unheated prochloraz (0.25 ml a.i. litre 1 at 28°C for 30 s) dip before or after the application of HHHA (core temperature of 47°C for 10 min). During storage at 23°C for 15 days, the incidence of stem end rot was reduced by HHHA alone, although immersion in hot benomyl either before or after HHHA treatment greatly improved stem end rot control. HHHA treatment (core temperature of 46.5°C for 10 min) alone reduced the incidence of anthracnose in mangoes stored at 13°C for 14 days prior to ripening at 22°C, although a combination treatment consisting of HHHA and either hot benomyl or unheated prochloraz gave complete control of anthracnose under these storage conditions. HHHA treatment alone gave no control of stem end rot in mangoes stored at 13°C prior to ripening at 22°C. A supplementary hot benomyl treatment was required for acceptable control of this disease in cool‐stored mangoes. The development of yellow skin colour in fruit was accelerated by HHHA treatment.