Changing labor patterns of women in rice farm households: a rainfed rice village, Iloilo Province, Philippines
1985
Res, L.
In the past and at present women in the village under study have contributed much to household's income by taking any lucrative opportunity open to them. Particularly in the later phases of the household's developmental cycle, when children take over a large part of the domestic activities, women are able to engage in income-generating activities. Farm wage labor is only done by women of poor households, while women in higher-income households have better opportunities for pig raising. In rice production women contribute on the average about 11 percent of the total family labor. Especially in low-income and in older households women participate in rice production. In all households women's part is particularly important in financial management and in disposal of the outputs of rice production. As a consequence of change in harvesting practices and crop establishment method, and of the introduction of the mechanical rice thresher, relatively more female than male labor was displaced. However, women of low-income households are still forced to work in rice production on their own and other's farms. Because of their limited access to large rice fields with high yields and to new technology, women's work in rice production is still performed at a relatively low productivity level. More attention by agricultural services to this group of women could be directed to raise their productivity level and increase other income-earning opportunities
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