Промежуточные культуры в севооборотах как средство улучшения использования климатических ресурсов и повышения устойчивости земледелия
2010
Nikonchik, P.I., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming
Analysis of agroclimatic resources of vegetation seasons in different regions of the Republic of Belarus was given. The role of interplanted crops in 8-field crop rotations (1. winter rye (Secale cereale) for green mass + pea (Pisum) and oat (Avena sativa) mixture for green mass; 2. winter rye + postharvest mustard (Sinapis); 3. potato (Solanum tuberosum); 4. barley (Hordeum vulgare) + clover (Trifolium); 5. clover; 6. barley; 7. winter rye + postharvest oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera); 8. oat) for improving the use of the resources of heat, moisture and sun energy, as well as the role of the improvement of productivity and sustainability of arable farming was shown. Research results showed that in the conditions of production of one yield per year and the current structure of arable areas the total sum of fallen atmospheric precipitations were used by 77%, sum of the effective temperatures – by 75%, and photosynthetic active radiation - by 78%. Application of winter, postcut and postharvest interplanted crops made it possible to organize the using of atmospheric precipitations up to 87%, sum of the effective temperatures and photosynthetic active radiation – up to 88%. As a result, the quantity of unused agroclimatic resources decreased from 21-25% up to 12-13%. Cultivation of interplanted crops in crop rotations made it possible to increase the yield of plant products yield and exercised positive influence on stabilixation of field productivity and increased the arable farming sustainability. Over 32 years (1978-2009) of experiment in forage crop field in the conditions of annual leguminous and cereal mixtures (pea + oat) cultivation and annual yield production the fodder units yield was 42,8 c/ha; in the conditions of their cultivation in mixture with winter and postcut interplanted crops and 2-3 annual yields production the fodder units yield was 106,4c/ha. In course of experimental years the minimum (31,0 c/ha) and maximum (83,7c/ha) productivity differed in 2,7 times, and intercrops sowing - in 1,6 times (62,9 and 99,9 c/ha, respectively)
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