Characterisation of ecosystem water-use efficiency of european forests from eddy covariance measurements
2008
Kuglitsch , F.G. (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Reichstein , Markus (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Beer , C. (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Carrara , A. (Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo(Espagne).) | Ceulemans , R. (University of Antwerpen(Belgique).) | Granier , André (INRA , Champenoux (France). UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières) | Janssens , I.A. (University of Antwerpen(Belgique).) | Koestner , B. (Technical University Dresden(Allemagne). Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology) | Lindroth , A. (Lund University(Suède).) | Loustau , Denis (INRA , Villenave D'Ornon (France). UR 1263 Écologie Fonctionnelle et Physique de l'Environnement) | Matteucci , G. (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(Italie). Institute for mediterranean agriculture and forest systems) | Montagnani , L. (Autonomous Province of Bolzano(Italie). Agenzia Provinciale per l’Ambiente) | Moors , Eddy J. (Wageningen University and Research Centre(Pays-Bas). Alterra) | Papale , D. (Università degli Studi della Tuscia(Italie).) | Pilegaard , Kim (Technical University of Denmark(Danemark).) | Rambal , Serge (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(France). Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive) | Rebmann , C. (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Schulze , E.D. (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Seufert , G. (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(Italie). Institute for mediterranean agriculture and forest systems) | Verbeeck , H. (University of Antwerpen(Belgique).) | Vesala , Timo (University of Helsinki(Finlande).) | Aubinet , M. (Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux(Belgique).) | Bernhofer , C. (Technical University Dresden(Allemagne). Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology) | Foken , T. (University of Bayreuth(Allemagne).) | Grünwald , T. (Technical University Dresden(Allemagne). Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology) | Heinesch , B. (Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux(Belgique).) | Kutsch , W. (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry(Allemagne).) | Laurila , T. (Finnish Meteorological Institute(Finlande).) | Longdoz , Bernard (INRA , Champenoux (France). UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières) | Miglietta , F. (Instituto di Biometeorologia(Italie).) | Sanz , M.J. (Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo(Espagne).) | Valentini , R. (Università degli Studi della Tuscia(Italie).)
Water-use efficiency (WUE) has been recognized as an important characteristic of vegetation productivity in various natural scientific disciplines for decades, but only recently at the ecosystem level, where different ways exist to characterize water-use efficiency. 5 Hence, the objective of this research was (a) to systematically compare different ways of calculating ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUEe) from eddy-covariance measurements, (b) quantify the diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability of WUEe in relation to meteorological conditions, and (c) analyse between-site variability of WUEe as affected by vegetation type and climatic conditions, across sites in European forest 10 ecosystems. Day-to-day variability of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) were more strongly coupled than net ecosystem production (NEP) and ET, obviously because NEP also depends on the respiration that is not heavily coupled to water fluxes. However, the slope of daytime NEP versus ET (mNEP) from half-hourly 15 measurements of a single day may also be used as a WUEe-estimate giving very similar results to those of the GPP-ET slope (mGPP), since the diurnal variation is dominated by GPP. Since ET is the sum of transpiration (linked to GPP) and evaporation from wet vegetation and soil surfaces (not linked to GPP) we expected that WUEe is increasing when days after rain are excluded from the analysis. However only very 20 minor changes were found, justifying an analysis of WUEe related to vegetation type. In most of the studied ecosystems the instantaneous WUEGPP was quite sensitive to diurnally varying meteorological conditions and tended to decline from the morning to the afternoon by more than 50% because of increasing vapour pressure deficits (VPD). Seasonally, WUEGPP increased with a rising monthly precipitation sum and rising 25 average monthly temperatures up to a threshold of 11, 14 and 18°C in boreal, temperate and Mediterranean ecosystems, respectively. Across all sites, the highest monthly WUEGPP-values were detected at times of positive anomalies of summer-precipitation. During drought periods with high temperatures, high VPD, little precipitation and low 4483 BGD 5, 4481–4519, 2008 Characterisation of ecosystem water-use efficiency F. G. Kuglitsch et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures J I J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion soil water content, the water-use efficiency of gross carbon uptake (WUEGPP) tended to decrease in all forest types because of a stronger decline of GPP compared to ET. However the largest variation of growing season WUEGPP was found betweensites and significantly related to vegetation type: WUEGPP was highest in ecosystems dominated by deciduous trees ranging from 5.0 gCO2 kgH2O−1 5 for temperate broadleaved deciduous forests (TD), to 4.5 for temperate mixed forests (TM), 3.5 for temperate evergreen conifers (TC), 3.4 for Mediterranean broad-leaved deciduous forests (MD), 3.3 for Mediterranean broad-leaved evergreen forests (Mbeg), 3.1 for Mediterranean evergreen conifers (MC), 2.9 for boreal evergreen conifers (BC) and only 1.2 g 10 CO2 kg H2O−1 for a boreal wetland site (BT). Although vegetation type and meteorology co-vary, the WUEGPP variation was hardly related to meteorology, as we could show by comparing similar meteorological conditions only. Furthermore we compared across-site WUEGPP only under conditions when the 10% high GPP rates were exhibited. The between site differences remained, and at all sites ecosystem reached higher 15 WUEGPP levels under this condition. This means when vegetation is most productive usually it also maximises the amount of carbon gained per water lost. Overall our results show that water-use efficiency exhibits a strong time-scale dependency in the sense that at longer time-scale meteorological conditions play a smaller role compared to shorter time scale. Moreover, we highlight the role of vegetation in 20 determining carbon-water relation at ecosystem level. Consequently, all predictions of changing carbon-water cycle under changing climate should take into this role and the differences between vegetation types. These results show the strong time-scale dependency of water-use efficiency
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