Reverse zoonosis: is swine influenza to blame?
2017
Arunorat, J. | Thanawongnuwech, R.
Animal influenza viruses, particularly of both avian and swine origin, are important zoonotic respiratory pathogens, potentially raising public health concerns over its pandemic threat. After the emergence of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1pdm09) in the human population in 2009, this virus has spread to other mammalian species (a reverse zoonosis), particularly in the pig population. Although cases of human influenza virus reverse zoonosis have occurred many decades ago, the imbalance of human and swine influenza surveillance might give a misleading perspective of reverse zoonosis, focusing only on its zoonotic potential. It should be noted that after the introduction of H1N1pdm09 into the pig population, swine influenza surveillance has been dramatically increased, demonstrating large-scale transmission and reassortment between H1N1pdm09 and the endemic viruses in both swine and human populations. This indicated that zoonosis and reverse zoonosis of influenza viruses have been found, raising the possibility of increased transmissibility among humans and underscoring the potential for influenza pandemics of novel swine-origin viruses. Recently, the One Health concept has been established, which connects human, animal and environmental health. As a result, influenza surveillance programmes for various host species are import in order to understand, find the hidden elements or complete the gaps in influenza epidemiology in multi-host species. Multidisciplinary approaches will be needed to mitigate these problems and would fulfil the One Health concept.
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