Maternal dyslipidemia during pregnancy and lactation increases blood pressure and disrupts cardiorespiratory and glucose hemostasis in the female rat offspring

Hypertension and metabolic disorders evidenced in adults who have been exposed to nutritional insults during early life may be sex-dependent. We evaluated whether blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory control and metabolic parameters are affected in female offspring (FO) from dams fed a dyslipidaemic diet during pregnancy and lactation. FO was obtained from dams who received control (CTL) or dyslipidaemic diet (DLP) during pregnancy and lactation. The effects of a maternal dyslipidaemic diet on BP, cardiorespiratory control and biochemical parameters were assessed at 30 and 90 days of age. The experimental protocol based on a dyslipidaemic diet intervention was effective in developing maternal dyslipidemia. At 30 days of age, the FO from dyslipidaemic dams displayed disordered respiratory pattern, enhanced ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P\textless0.05), increased serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides (P\textless0.05) when compared to CTL female offspring. At 90 days of age, FO from dyslipidaemic dams had augmented BP (P\textless0.05), exacerbated cardiorespiratory responses to hypercapnia (P\textless0.05), enhanced pressor responses to peripheral chemoreflex activation (P\textless0.05), impaired baroreflex (P\textless0.05) and larger delta variations in arterial pressure after ganglionic blockade (P\textless0.05). Furthermore, during oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests, FO from dyslipidaemic dams exhibited altered glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P\textless0.05) when compared to FO from CTL dams. Altered breathing linked to enhanced central and peripheral chemosensitivity, impaired baroreflex and augmented sympathetic tone may be predisposing factors for increased BP and metabolic disorders in female offspring from dyslipidaemic dams.