Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

World Bank

Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

2012

World Bank

The report focuses on the social safety net, particularly cash and in-kind transfers. The safety net can play an important role in addressing poverty and vulnerability; however, the process by which the safety nets have been developed in Swaziland has produced a fragmented system that leaves many Swazis unprotected by the safety net. Improvements in efficiency and effectiveness are both necessary and possible. Poverty and extreme poverty in Swaziland are both overwhelmingly rural phenomena. The incidence of poverty is 73 percent in rural areas but only 31 percent in urban areas. Eighty-eight percent of the poor and 95 percent of the extreme poor live in rural areas, and the average consumption of the urban poor is 33 percent below the poverty line while it is 51 percent below the poverty line among the rural poor. Also, poverty is deeper in rural areas than it is in urban areas. The objective of this study is to identify viable ways to make the safety net more relevant and efficient through an in-depth analysis of poverty and vulnerability and of the efficacy of current safety net programs. The report focuses on publicly financed social transfers in Swaziland, including cash and in-kind transfers. This includes programs funded by either national or official international aid. Chapter two explores the risks faced by the Swazis, including but not limited to poverty. Chapter three reviews current social net programs and expenditures and analyzes the efficiency and effectiveness of social transfers. Chapter four analyzes ways to target safety net programs, and chapter five discusses options to increase the relevance and efficiency of the safety net, particularly in light of the recent financial crisis.

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agricultural inputs agricultural production agricultural productivity agricultural sector cash transfers developing countries drought economic growth extreme poverty food aid food consumption food insecurity food prices food production food security food supply geographic regions gross domestic product hiv household budget household income housing human capital human immunodeficiency virus human rights income distribution insurance legal status living standards malnutrition nutritional status old age poverty reduction primary education public works rural areas rural poor sanitation savings school feeding secondary education shock social development social insurance social protection social safety nets social welfare subsistence supplementary feeding targeting transaction costs tuberculosis unemployment vulnerability world health organization

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Chronic poverty; Household poverty; Financial support; Weather shocks; Financial crisis; Access to electricity; Short-term employment; Safety net programs; Cash transfer; Beneficiary; Coping strategy; Social safety net; Sustainable poverty reduction; Extended families; Health organization; Life expectancy; Height for age; Cash transfer program; Inequality; Cash transfer programs; Alternative livelihoods; Human capital development; Skilled workers; Poorer people; Vulnerable citizens; Number of children; Single-parent families; Access to services; Poverty rate; Elderly people; Grant program; Social care; Poor districts; Agricultural employment; Extreme poor households; Rural phenomenon; Credit markets; Political economy; Vulnerable group; Poor rural households; Labor market; Food distribution; Correlates of poverty; Wealth groups; Income dynamics; Labor market programs; Farm productivity; Education grant; Vulnerable populations; Public safety net; Poverty gap; Social transfers; Idiosyncratic risk; Rural; Fee waivers; Poverty profile; Cash assistance; Employment programs; Ministry of health; Ssn; Poor population; Orphans; Early childhood; Food imports; Impact on poverty; Vulnerable children; Direct transfers; Workfare; Public works programs; Poor women; Cash benefits; Agricultural policy; Widespread poverty; Beneficiaries; Poverty mapping; International aid; Poor people; Development policy; Female-headed households; Public assistance; Economic crisis; Poverty status; Lack of education; Means test; Water sources; Poverty measures; Transfer programs; Administrative costs; Poor household; Vulnerability of women; Poverty incidence; Formal employment; Agricultural output; Social insurance programs; Family support; Human development; Poor; Dissemination; Household head; Vulnerable people; Public transfers; Extremely poor people; Poverty indicators; Poverty map; Public service; Social impact; Vulnerable groups; Income inequality; Institutional capacity; Information system; Targeting mechanisms; Social pensions; School year; Poverty rates; Formal safety nets; Poverty line; Education grants; Ministry of education; Conditional cash; Emergency response; Decline in poverty; Poor children; Social assistance; Extremely poor households; Works program; Beneficiary households; School feeding programs; Safe water; Vulnerable households; Safety net system; Per capita consumption; Family members; Extreme poverty line; Social transfer; Households with children; Safety nets; Income poverty; Food price; Incidence of poverty; Poverty reduction strategy; School enrollment; Vulnerable individuals; Poverty maps; Household heads; Protection system; Cost-effectiveness; Household composition; Eligibility criteria; Transfer program; Fiscal crisis; Family income; Human development index; Input subsidies; Rural dimension; Vulnerability assessment; Agricultural shocks

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Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

2012

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