Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

World Bank

Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

2012

World Bank

The report focuses on the social safety net, particularly cash and in-kind transfers. The safety net can play an important role in addressing poverty and vulnerability; however, the process by which the safety nets have been developed in Swaziland has produced a fragmented system that leaves many Swazis unprotected by the safety net. Improvements in efficiency and effectiveness are both necessary and possible. Poverty and extreme poverty in Swaziland are both overwhelmingly rural phenomena. The incidence of poverty is 73 percent in rural areas but only 31 percent in urban areas. Eighty-eight percent of the poor and 95 percent of the extreme poor live in rural areas, and the average consumption of the urban poor is 33 percent below the poverty line while it is 51 percent below the poverty line among the rural poor. Also, poverty is deeper in rural areas than it is in urban areas. The objective of this study is to identify viable ways to make the safety net more relevant and efficient through an in-depth analysis of poverty and vulnerability and of the efficacy of current safety net programs. The report focuses on publicly financed social transfers in Swaziland, including cash and in-kind transfers. This includes programs funded by either national or official international aid. Chapter two explores the risks faced by the Swazis, including but not limited to poverty. Chapter three reviews current social net programs and expenditures and analyzes the efficiency and effectiveness of social transfers. Chapter four analyzes ways to target safety net programs, and chapter five discusses options to increase the relevance and efficiency of the safety net, particularly in light of the recent financial crisis.

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agricultural inputs agricultural production agricultural productivity agricultural sector cash transfers developing countries drought economic growth extreme poverty food aid food consumption food insecurity food prices food production food security food supply geographic regions gross domestic product hiv household budget household income housing human capital human immunodeficiency virus human rights income distribution insurance legal status living standards malnutrition nutritional status old age poverty reduction primary education public works rural areas rural poor sanitation savings school feeding secondary education shock social development social insurance social protection social safety nets social welfare subsistence supplementary feeding targeting transaction costs tuberculosis unemployment vulnerability world health organization

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Access to electricity; Vulnerable people; Rural; Weather shocks; Poverty map; Coping strategy; Safety nets; Poorer people; Rural dimension; Life expectancy; Ministry of education; Household heads; Vulnerable group; Household head; Beneficiary; Social transfers; Food imports; Households with children; Cost-effectiveness; Ssn; Poverty line; Wealth groups; Poverty measures; Decline in poverty; Poor rural households; Agricultural shocks; Human capital development; Beneficiary households; Safety net programs; Direct transfers; Social assistance; Food price; Lack of education; Poor women; Fiscal crisis; Farm productivity; Early childhood; Elderly people; Food distribution; Public safety net; Poverty maps; Extended families; Vulnerable populations; Household composition; Poverty rates; Cash benefits; Widespread poverty; Poor; Household poverty; Education grant; Development policy; Poverty profile; Formal safety nets; School feeding programs; Poverty incidence; Vulnerable households; Cash transfer programs; Dissemination; Cash assistance; Access to services; Workfare; Human development; Skilled workers; Emergency response; Agricultural employment; Alternative livelihoods; Sustainable poverty reduction; Safety net system; Single-parent families; Poor children; Inequality; Targeting mechanisms; Poverty mapping; Extremely poor people; Agricultural output; Extreme poverty line; Short-term employment; Conditional cash; Ministry of health; Agricultural policy; Labor market programs; Credit markets; Poor household; Social pensions; Social impact; Input subsidies; Income inequality; Vulnerability assessment; Vulnerable groups; Impact on poverty; Chronic poverty; Social insurance programs; Vulnerability of women; Social transfer; Institutional capacity; Social care; Financial crisis; Means test; Health organization; Public service; Orphans; Extreme poor households; Information system; Cash transfer; School enrollment; Transfer programs; Safe water; Transfer program; Political economy; Correlates of poverty; Rural phenomenon; Income poverty; Height for age; Per capita consumption; Family support; Eligibility criteria; Cash transfer program; Labor market; Formal employment; Poor population; Poverty gap; Poor people; Public transfers; Vulnerable children; Income dynamics; Employment programs; Family income; Vulnerable individuals; Family members; Idiosyncratic risk; Protection system; Fee waivers; Poor districts; School year; Public works programs; Social safety net; Administrative costs; Financial support; Human development index; Water sources; Vulnerable citizens; Number of children; Education grants; Beneficiaries; Economic crisis; Works program; Incidence of poverty; Public assistance; Poverty indicators; Grant program; Female-headed households; Extremely poor households; Poverty reduction strategy; Poverty status; Poverty rate; International aid

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Swaziland - Using Public Transfers to Reduce Extreme Poverty

2012

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