FYR Macedonia Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency

World Bank

FYR Macedonia Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency

2013

World Bank

Former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) of Macedonia has closed several gaps in gender inequalities, particularly in education and health, but key disparities persist in access to economic opportunities and agency, particularly among certain ethnic groups. This report provides an overview of gender disparities in several outcomes related to human and physical endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency. In addition, it offers potential explanations of these gaps and, in the process, identifies knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research. On average, FYR Macedonia has achieved gender equality in health and in education; however, gender disparities persist for certain population subgroups. However, women are more likely than men to choose general programs or social sciences as their primary field of education. Both men and women are unlikely to undertake additional training following their initial education, but each for different reasons: women are more likely than men to cite family obligations as a key factor in this decision (19 percent of women compared to 1.5 percent of men) as women devote a much larger percentage of their time to domestic activities. In addition, only a limited number of children enroll in pre-school. Female labor force participation is low, particularly among women who have received only a primary education or less. Although female-managed businesses are as productive as male-managed businesses, few women are entrepreneurs. Women's participation in collective actions is limited, and gender stereotypes remain pervasive. Looking forward, further efforts to increase women's access to economic opportunities in FYR Macedonia are needed. Policies aimed at fostering the competitiveness of the private sector for job creation is a key for addressing the high unemployment rates faced by both men and women. In the case of FYR Macedonia, policies can also increase female labor force participation by affecting the potential wages or the reservation wages of less skilled women.

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abortion adolescent fertility banks beating capacity building domestic violence economic development economic growth elderly entrepreneur ethnic groups families family law family planning gender gender equality health insurance household budget household income households human capital human health human resources human rights marital status participation of women political parties pregnancy pregnant women primary education productivity role of women rural areas savings scholarship secondary education social norms social sciences start-up transportation unemployment unicef union urban areas vocational training

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Financial support; Disabled; Police force; Gender distribution; Levels of education; Gender gap; Opportunities for women; Older men; Gender assessment; Shadow report; Labor force participation; Low fertility; Technical support; Earnings; Trade union members; Endowments; Education system; Life expectancy; Gender perspectives; Gender dimension; Violence against women; Minimum wage; Economic empowerment; Number of children; Women with children; Work schedules; Female intensity; Employee; Service providers; Trade union; Female victims; Political participation; Number of workers; Gender issues; Labor market; Female workers; Tertiary education; Education fund; Forms of violence against women; Retention rate; Discrimination against women; Education levels; Primary school; Women managers; Reproductive age; Labor force; Bribes; Institutional mechanisms; Economic opportunities for women; Education level; Number of women; Educational attainment; Wdr; Gender stereotypes; Unmet demand; Women with regard; University education; Gender differences; Asset accumulation; Poor women; Enrollment; Gender disparities; Young women; Unemployed women; Policy implications; Cultural norms; Self-employment; Childbirth; Uneducated women; Small business; Gender gaps; Social pressure; Business plans; Contraceptive prevalence; Educated women; Skilled women; Access to education; Female labor force; Working-age population; Training opportunities; Gender inequalities; Human rights of women; Population subgroups; Household responsibilities; Access to credit; Unskilled workers; Social sectors; Lack of capital; Family formation; Gender perspective; Focus group discussions; Economic empowerment of women; Social expectations; Girls; Wage gap; Employers; Woman; Female businesses; Entrepreneurship training; Female entrepreneurship; Access to finance; Development center; School year; Respect; Parental leave; Economic opportunity; Job creation; Mother; Older women; Equal opportunities; Female employment; Fewer women; Access to networks; Spouse; Maternal mortality; Female entrepreneurs; Widows; Training centers; Child rearing; Husband; Ministry of education; Live births; Access to savings; Gender budgeting; Aging women; Use of contraception; Abortion rate; Spouses; Gender parity; Female employees; Gender roles; Plan for gender equality; Prenatal care; Family relations; Fertility rates; Ethnic group; Female labor force participation; Forms of discrimination; Contraceptive methods; Gross enrollment ratio; Enrollments; Contraception; Parliamentary union; Unemployment rates; Maternal mortality rate; Early marriage; Loan; Gender gap in access; Gender assessments; Usaid; Institutional capacities; Married women; Forms of violence; Source of credit; Family obligations; Assistance to victims; Secondary school; Female labor; School students; First child; Ethnic minorities; Employer; Young men; Ownership of land; Longer life; Minimum age for marriage; Demand for contraception; Parliamentary seats; Economic opportunities; Household chores; Form of credit; Maternity leave; Births; Pension fund; Importance of education; Job security

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FYR Macedonia Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities and Agency

2013

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