Comparative characteristics of mustard-rape hybrids and their parental components upon biochemical indicators

Spring and winter mustard is used in production; the latter is characterized by a higher level of yield, like all winter crops, and its genetic potential reaches 3.0–3.5 t/ha as opposed to 2.0–2.4 t/ha of others. However, despite relatively high yields of winter forms, some problems prevent the cultivation of this crop n larger areas. These are insufficient winter hardiness and the presence of components that reduce the quality of oil when used in the food industry – a high content of glucosinolates and erucic acid. The problem concerned can be solved by creating a new source material using the method of interspecific hybridization with different species of the Brassica genus. The purpose of this work is to compare the biochemical parameters of mustard–rape hybrids and their parent components and assess the prospects of using interspecific hybridization to create new varieties of winter mustard with improved quality of oil and meal. The study was conducted in the field and laboratory conditions of the Institute of Oilseed Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine during 2017–2020. Evaluation of the studied samples for biochemical parameters of seeds was carried out in a certified laboratory of mass analysis and instrumentation of the Institute in accordance with current regulations. In breeding mustard–rapeseed hybrids as parent lines, the following was used: winter mustard variety Novіnka, breeding samples Go–155, Go 108, Go–37, and Go–267. The oil content is from 40.5 ± 0.3% to 45.4 ± 0.6%. The content of glucosinolates in the seeds of the original genotypes of winter mustard is quite high: from 53.8 ± 0.4 mcM/g to 67.0 ± 1.0 mcM/g. The composition of the main fatty acids in the oil of the mother lines of mustard–rape hybrids is typical for modern varieties of winter mustard and is characterized by a significant amount of erucic acid (from 30.6 ± 0.3% to 38.6 ± 0.8%), and the content of linoleic acid varies from 21.8 ± 0.8% to 24.8 ± 0.5%, linolenic acid – from 22.5 ± 0.5% to 26.2 ± 0.6%, as well as a relatively low level of oleic acid – from 13.5 ± 0.7% to 24.4 ± 0.9%. Winter rape variety Atlant and breeding samples 1–5 / 02, P–108/3, AL–2 and A 322/2 were used in the creation of mustard–rape hybrids as parent forms. The content of glucosinolates in the seeds of the parent forms does not exceed 21.0 ± 1.1 mcM/g. Erucic acid is not present in the oil of the samples involved in the crosses. The oleic acid content is from 61.7 ± 0.3% to 71.6 ± 0.9%. The equivalent of linolenic acid is much lower in comparison with the mustard samples – from 7.5 ± 0.9% to 11.8 ± 0.2%. The linoleic acid equivalent varied from 17.0 ± 0.3% to 21.9 ± 0.6%. The oil content in the seeds of selection samples of winter rape is from 45.7 ± 0.5 % to 47.4 ± 0.3%, Atlant variety 41.2 ± 1.0%. The lines GRG–8.17, GRG–21.17, GRG–22.17, GRG–39.17, and GRG–40.17 obtained from hybrid populations are characterized by oil content varying from 42.1 ± 1.1% to 44.1 ± 0.7%. The fatty acid composition of oil is similar to samples of winter oilseed rape used in crossbreeding as parent forms. Erucic acid is absent in oil. The oleic acid content is from 61.6 ± 0.5 % to 65.0 ± 0.7 %. The content of linoleic acid varies from 20.1 ± 0.7% to 22.4 ± 0.7%, linolenic acid – from 8.3 ± 0.2% to 10.2 ± 0.4%. The content of glucosinolates in the seeds of mustard–rape hybrids is much lower in comparison with the initial forms of winter mustard: from 15.5 ± 1.2 mcM/g to 33.4 ± 1.1 mcM/g. The deviation significance of biochemical traits was assessed to a greater or lesser extent. It is proved that the decrease in glucosinolate content by 29.0–43.1 mcM/g compared to the maternal forms of mustard is significant at the highest level. However, it leads to a significant excess in 4 variants of the parental forms of winter rape – by 3.8–17.9 mcM/g. It means the intermediate nature of inheritance of this trait is established. There is also a significant decrease in the content of erucic acid compared to the maternal forms of mustard – by 30.5–38.2%. There is no difference in this trait from rape-seed genotypes. The excess of 37.9–48.1% in the content of oleic acid in mustard–rapeseed hybrids compared to the original forms of mustard is also significant at the highest level of significance. The decrease in this indicator compared to winter rape is not so great (2.0–10.1%) but, at the same time, it is significant in most cases. There was also a significant decrease in the content of linolenic acid compared to the parent form – by 13.1–17.3% (almost to the indicators inherent in winter rape). There was also a decrease in the content of linoleic acid by 0.8–5.0% compared to mustard and an increase by 1.6–4.0% compared to rapeseed, but these fluctuations are not significant in some cases. Thus, improving the quality of oil through interspecific hybridization and the creation of mustard–rapeseed hybrids is possible.