MANIFESTATION OF ECONOMIC SYMPTOMS IN SESAME SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT SEED COLORS

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the ancient oil crops that was cultivated in India more than 5000 years ago. By custom, black and white sesame are distinguished. However, the color palette of sesame seeds is much wider and includes many yellow-brown shades and even gray. In sesame germplasm, the color of the sesame seed coat is a commercially important feature. Which is distinguished not only by the content of protein and oil, but also by many other substances, including antioxidants. The study of the genetics of the seed color feature contains results in which the control of the black color feature by one or two genes was observed, and in molecular studies, up to 8 genes determined different types of color.The purpose of our article was to study the potential of promising samples for selective selection with different color of the seed coat and the patterns of inheritance of this trait. The research material was 10 samples of sesame from the laboratory of genetics and genetic resources of the collection of the Institute of Oil Crops of the National Academy of Sciences: Kubanets 55, К1555, К1615, К1036, К1621, К1630, Natasha, К1766, Gilliastiy, Cumhuriyet 99. Most of these samples had white (or very light) seed color, sample К1615 – black, Natasha – gray, К1766 – yellow-brown. The sample Branchy showed the highest yield due to the presence of a large number of branches on each plant (13 pieces). While the smallest number of branches was observed in sample K1615 with black seeds (3.8 pieces). In general, the black-seeded sample had many other indicators at the lowest level. In particular, the smallest weight of 1000 seeds (2.31 g), the smallest number of boxes (40 pcs), the smallest box length (24.4 mm). In the collections of other researchers, samples with black seeds had a lower mass of 1000 seeds, lower productivity. The indicator of the number of nodes on the stem before the first flower is important for the manufacturability of harvesting sesame. It shows the potential height at which the crop is located and, accordingly, the height of the harvester setting in the combine. So the black-seeded sample (K1615) had 7.2 nodes before the appearance of the node with flowers. For most other samples, it is 4.4-4.6 knots. Too high attachment, in addition to manufacturability, as in the case of K1615, can also have a negative effect in the form of a decrease in the number of branches, pods and yield. According to this indicator, 5-6 nodes should be considered optimal, at which a high yield can be formed (14.5-15 g per plant) and the level of the harvester cut can be already 20-25 cm without yield loss. In order to attract black and other dark colors and combine them with the best manifestation of economic traits, a number of crosses were made between samples with different seed colors. In practical studies, it turned out to be very difficult to determine whether there is splitting in the offspring of one plant by the color of the seeds. When crossing the black-seeded K1615 sample with the white-seeded K1621, seeds of a rather dark gray color were obtained, but they were lighter than black. In the second generation, the seeds from this crossing showed different colors: dark gray (practically black and lighter), and light (white, beige). The dark gray color of individual plants was visually divided into black and gray. The seeds were sown separately and the following results were obtained in the third generation after self-pollination. The black color did not change and was black in all the offspring, the light in one grown plant remained light, and in another, gray and light seeds appeared, and the gray seeds were in the minority and corresponded to the action of one recessive gene. And the descendants from the gray seed again split into gray and black seeds. The obtained ratio indicates the presence of at least two genes whose recessive state reveals black color. It is clear that in order to fully establish the inheritance of black and other types of coloring, many different combinations of crossings will be required, but the involvement of black-seeded sesame in breeding is not an easy task and will be continued in future studies. As a result of the work, a new breeding material of sesame with black and dark gray seed color was obtained.