Prikaz oplemenjivačkih programa na vinovoj lozi (Vitis vinifera L.) u Europi | A review of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) breeding programs in Europe

Croata. Moderna vinogradarska i vinarska proizvodnja bazira se na dominantnom korištenju malog broja dobro poznatih sorata koje pripadaju plemenitoj vrsti vinove loze (Vitis vinifera L.), a koje su izuzetno osjetljive na glavne bolesti prisutne u uzgoju kao što su plamenjača (Plasmopara viticola Berk and Curt.) i pepelnica (Erysiphe necator Schwein.). Promjene sortimenta u uzgoju veoma su spore zbog konzervativnog i tradicionalnog stava proizvođača kao i potrošača grožđa i vina. Vinogradarska je proizvodnja jedan od najvećih potrošača pesticida, posebno fungicida i insekticida u odnosu na sve druge vrste proizvodnih sustava u poljoprivredi i kao takva ima izuzetno negativan utjecaj na okoliš, ali i zdravlje ljudi koji rade u vinogradarskom sektoru. Danas su u svijetu pokrenuti brojni oplemenjivački programi s ciljem stvaranja novih sorti otpornih na bolesti koje će svojom kvalitetom i drugim karakteristikama biti usporedive s tradicionalnim sortama pojedinih područja. U ovom radu iznesene su najvažnije oplemenjivačke metode i programi koji se danas provode na vinovoj lozi u Europi.

Inglés. Modern viticulture and winemaking are based on the dominant use of a small number of well-known grape varieties of common grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) species, which are highly susceptible to major viticultural diseases such as downy (Plasmopara viticola Berk and Curt.) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schwein.). Changes of assortment in cultivation are quite slow due to the conservative and traditional approach of both producers and consumers of grapes and wine. Viticultural production is one of the largest consumers of pesticides, especially fungicides and insecticides compared to all other types of agricultural production systems and as such has a significantly negative impact on the environment and the health of people working in the wine sector. Today, numerous breeding programs have been launched in the world to create new varieties resistant to diseases that will be comparable in quality and other characteristics to traditional varieties of certain areas. This paper presents the most important breeding methods and programs that are currently carried out on grapevines in Europe.