Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to nontarget fish in static tests
1975
Marking, Leif L. | Olson, Lee E.
The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is applied to tributary streams of the Great Lakes for controlling larvae of the sea lamprey. During treatments for lamprey control, cohabiting, nontarget fish are also exposed to TFM. Knowledge of the margin of safety for these fish is vitally important to the reduction of undesired effects of field applications. The lampricide is toxic to 15 species of coldwater and warmwater nontarget fish. The toxicity of TFM is influenced by temperature, water hardness, and pH. For certain species, more than 50 times as much chemical is needed to produce the same effect at pH 9.5 as at pH 6.5. The most influential factor is pH. In laboratory test water, TFM detoxifies slowly; solutions lose little or no activity over periods of 8 weeks.
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