Effect of volatile and non-volatile metabolites from Leptosphaeria maculans on tomato calli under abiotic stresses

Drought and salinity can be serious problems for agricultural productivity in certain planet areas. Leptosphaeria maculans is the causative agent of the blackleg in crucifer plants. In this work, a novel methodology for studying the effects of fungal metabolites (volatile and non-volatile) on plant calli in the presence of abiotic stresses is presented, by using L. maculans, tomato calli, and drought and salinity stresses. In this way, this study has reported how, under salinity and drought stresses, the growth and vitality of tomato calli is inhibited, increasing its tissues-oxidation and accumulation of ROS. By applying metabolites from L. maculans, the growth of calli treated with non-volatile metabolites showed and increment under salinity and drought conditions. On the other hand, calli treated with volatile metabolites showed an increment in tissues-vitality under salinity and drought conditions. A series of gene expression analysis was also conducted in order to determine the performance of related genes. Results of this study showed that growth related gene expression was induced, together with abiotic stress tolerance gene in response to abscisic acid, AREB1. In addition, the application of volatile metabolites from L. maculans on tomato calli without abiotic stresses increases its growth and vitality, and reduces its oxidation and accumulation of ROS, in accordance with the results of gene expression obtained. The ability of L. maculans metabolites to increase plant tolerance to abiotic stresses could be related to their ability to produce volatile and non-volatile-metabolites, which induce the antioxidant enzyme activity or accumulation of antioxidant compounds, or their ability to increase the expression of ABA-dependent response genes to abiotic stresses.