The use of stable carbon isotopes to decipher global change effects on soil organic carbon: present status, limitations, and future prospects

Major global change factors, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) fertilization, warming, change in precipitation, nitrogen deposition, and land-use change have the potential to significantly affect future stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC). These factors, individually or by interacting with each other, can also trigger positive or negative feedback to the processes affecting the rate of SOC formation or loss. Despite rapid progress in the understanding of carbon (C) cycling processes in the last few decades, much uncertainty remains in our ability to precisely forecast potential changes in SOC stocks in the rapidly changing future world. Stable C isotopes have been extensively used in natural observational studies as well as in laboratory and field experiments that manipulate CO₂ concentration, temperature, moisture, nitrogen fertilization, and vegetation type to understand the complex interactions and feedbacks that result from changing climate, plants and their herbivores, as well as soil microorganisms. Newly developed tools such as compound-specific isotope analysis, nano-SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy), and stable isotope probing (SIP) permit isotope tracing in a specific ecosystem pool into specific C compounds and processes, thus providing in-depth insights into many processes affecting C biogeochemistry. The recent availability of affordable and reliable field-deployable optical isotope monitoring devices has provided researchers with a new set of tools for continuously tracking the ¹³C-CO₂ fluxes at the ecosystem level, enabling deeper insights into C biogeochemistry under changing environmental conditions. Despite these great strides, there is a scarcity of review studies that have comprehensively examined the use of C isotopes in studying SOC responses under global change factors. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the effect of major global change factors on SOC fluxes and stocks using selected examples covering scales from plant rhizospheres to geographic regions. Moreover, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches and recent scientific advancements to highlight the new prospects evolving from the exceptional temporal and spatial resolution of stable isotope analysis in studying how global change affects SOC. Finally, we suggest that studies using stable C isotopes are well-poised to focus on identifying how dominant SOC cycling processes respond to environment-specific limiting factors and any thresholds and tipping points that define those relationships.