Recent advances in the biological control of citrus nematodes: A review
2021
Kiraṇ Kumār, Ke. | Arthurs, Steven
Parasitic nematodes including Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. are significant pests of citrus worldwide. Various microbes and soil-dwelling predatory mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) have been evaluated as augmentative biological control agents against citrus parasitic nematodes. Some microbial candidates have received attention as bionematicides with reduced environmental toxicity. They include fungi (Trichoderma spp., Purpureocillium lilacinum, Pochonia chlamydosporia, and mycorrhizae, Glomus spp.) and bacteria (Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptomyces avermitilis, and Pasteuria spp.), that have been applied against nematodes parasitic in different citrus cultivars. To date, at least sixteen bionematicides based on fungi and bacteria have been developed and marketed for use in citrus crops in various countries. Integration of bionematicides with other management tools as well as the conservation and enhancement of indigenous antagonists, will further enhance the management of citrus parasitic nematodes. Promising research avenues are discussed.
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