Combination of essential oil compounds and phenolic acids against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro and in dry-fermented sausage production

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The low dose of infection and severity of the disease represent a concern to public health. Natural compounds have been widely applied as food additives to replace synthetic preservatives. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of essential oil compounds (EOCs) in combination with phenolic acids (PA) in vitro and in dry-fermented sausage production. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration index (FICindex) were determined for a 5-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7. Batches of sausage tainted with E. coli O157:H7 were produced using Pediococcus pentosaceus UM 116P and Staphylococcus carnosus UM 123M as starter cultures. The best combination of EOCs and PAs found in vitro was used as an additive. Chemical–physical and microbiological analyses were evaluated weekly from day 0 to 35 after production. Sensory evaluation (texture, odor, flavor, appearance and overall evaluation) of E. coli-free sausages was conducted using a 9-point hedonic scale with 56 untrained volunteers. The MIC values of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), carvacrol (CAR), ferulic acid (FA), o-coumaric acid (CA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHB) were, respectively, 0.25; 1.3; 5.12; 18.27; and 37mM. AITC combined with CA had a synergistic effect (FICindex=0.25) and together they were applied in the production of dry fermented sausage at concentrations of 10× FIC and 20× FIC. Aw had no significant difference among treatments, whereas the pH of 10× FIC and 20× FIC were higher than the control. E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by >5logCFU/g with 20× FIC after 21d, and by 2.8logCFU/g with 10× FIC after 35d. Sensory analysis showed that the combination of AITC and ο-coumaric acid in both treatments presented lower scores in the 5 categories when compared to the control, but none of the parameters received a negative score. This study demonstrated that the combination of AITC and ο-coumaric acid at 20× FIC reduced E. coli O157:H7 in compliance with the North American legislation, but adjustments in the dose are necessary to improve the sensory characteristics of the final product.