Nitrogen loss on tile-drained Mollisols as affected by nitrogen application rate under continuous corn and corn-soybean rotation systems

Helmers, M. J., Zhou, X., Baker, J. L., Melvin, S. W. and Lemke, D. W. 2012. Nitrogen loss on tile-drained Mollisols as affected by nitrogen application rate under continuous corn and corn-soybean rotation systems. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 493-499. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) loss from production agricultural systems through subsurface drainage networks is of local and regional concern throughout the Midwestern United States. The increased corn acreage and the practice of growing continuous corn instead of a corn-soybean rotation system due to the increasing demand for food and energy have raised questions about the environmental impacts of this shift in cropping systems. The objective of this 4-yr (1990-1993) study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) application rate (0-168 kg N ha⁻¹ for corn following soybean and 0-224 kg N ha⁻¹ for corn following corn) on NO₃-N concentration, NO₃-N losses, and crop yields in continuous corn and corn-soybean production systems on tile-drained Mollisols in north central Iowa. The results show that NO₃-N concentrations from the continuous corn system were similar to NO₃-N concentrations from the corn-soybean rotation at equivalent N application rates.When extra N fertilizer (approximately 56 kg N ha⁻¹) was applied to continuous corn than the corn-soybean rotation, this resulted in 14-36% greater NO₃-N concentrations in subsurface drainage from the continuous corn system. While corn yield increased as N application rate increased, corn yields at the recommended N application rates (112-168 kg N ha⁻¹) in the corn-soybean rotation were up to 3145 kg ha⁻¹ greater than corn yields at the recommended application rates (168-224 kg N ha⁻¹) in the continuous corn system. The corn-soybean rotation with recommended N application rates (168-224 kg N ha⁻¹) appeared to be beneficial environmentally and economically.