Since the 1960s grain protectants have been used as a primary means of insect pest management in bulk storages, especially in countries which store large amounts of grain for domestic food production and export trade. With the increasing costs of development and registration of insecticides, the number of available protectants has begun to decrease, a trend that will no doubt continue. Furthermore, there are several biological, economic and sociological influences that are causing a gradual shift from chemical-based pest management to integrated pest management utilizing computer-based decision support systems. This paper will discuss several factors in terms of their potential impact on the use of conventional grain protectants, including insecticide residues and consumer perceptions, resistance to protectants in major pest species, the direct and indirect costs of insecticides, development and registration of biopesticides, inert dusts, new technologies for fumigation and controlled atmosphere treatments, the expanded use of aeration in management programs, biological controls, and the development of expert systems. In this paper the term grain protectants' will be used to refer to only organophosphorus, pyrethroid, or carbamate insecticides that are applied directly to grain for residual control.
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