Metabolic changes with obesity
1979
Bray, George A.
Overeating which results in excessive caloric intake, increases energy stores of fat, carbohydrate and protein in the body. Increased stores affect carbohydrate, lipid and amino acids metabolism which may lead to increased incidence of diabetes mellitus, gallstones, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in obese patients. Consequences of overeating include increases in: body weight, total body fat, size of adipocytes (fat cells), certain thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine), free fatty acids, fatty acid turnover, triglycerides, lipolysis, and 5 amino acids. The rate of incorporation of fatty acids into adipose tissue triglycerides is also increased. Another metabolic consequence of obesity is impaired response to insulin due to a reduced sensitivity of enlarged fat cells. An increased supply of free fatty acids may suppress growth hormone, stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis or induce hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, either by humoral or neural mechanisms. Levels of carbohydrate intake, as well as excess calories, may be implicated in these changes.
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