Characterizing the effects of 2-phenylethylamine and coyote urine on unconditioned and conditioned defensive behaviors in adolescent male and female Long-Evans hooded rats

Predator odors provide critical information to prey species allowing them to gage potential threat via the detection of semiochemicals called kairomones. Recent reports indicate that the commercially available predator odor coyote urine (CU), and to a lesser extent 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), induce innate defensive behaviors in adult rats and mice. The aim of the present study was to see if the defense-inducing effects of CU and PEA would extend to adolescents. Specifically, we evaluated the ability of CU and PEA to induce unconditioned and conditioned defensive behavior in predator-odor naïve adolescent male and female Long-Evans hooded rats. An additional group of males were exposed to the non-predatory aversive odor formalin to control for potential general aversive properties of the odorants. The data revealed that in males, both CU and PEA, but not formalin induced measures of risk assessment, whereas CU and formalin produced avoidance of the odor source. In partial contrast, both CU and PEA produced avoidance of the odor source and increased measures of risk assessment in females. Surprisingly males failed to show any measures of defense during the cue+context conditioning test trial. In contrast, in females both odorants produced marginal effects during re-exposure to the conditioning context, with CU inducing conditioned avoidance and PEA inducing conditioned risk assessment. We conclude that commercially available CU and PEA elicit a moderate defensive profile compared to previous reports examining cat fur/skin odor in male and female adolescent rats. Future research needs to examine additional concentrations of the odorants to determine if a more robust unconditioned defensive profile (e.g., freezing) can be induced by these predator odors, and whether the defensive profile responds to standard anxiolytic drugs.