Anticandidal activity of Inula helenium root essential oil: Synergistic potential, anti-virulence efficacy and mechanism of action
2020
Stojanović-Radić, Zorica | Dimitrijević, Marina | Genčić, Marija | Pejčić, Milica | Radulović, Niko
Motivated by the ethnopharmacological application of Inula helenium, in the present study, the anticandidal potential of hydrodistilled root I. helenium essential oil was investigated by a microdilution method and the obtained minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were further used to explore its synergistic potential. Additionally, the mode of action (sorbitol and cholesterol assays) and anti-virulence effects (anti-biofilm, germ-tube reducing and phospholipase-inhibitory activities) were also studied.GC and GC/MS analyses showed that the isolated essential oil contained alantolactone and isoalantolactone as the dominant compounds (65.8 % and 25.5 %, respectively). The obtained MICs (0.009-0.312 mg/ml) varied for the strains generally demonstrating a medium-to-high anticandidal action. More importantly, the oil exhibited a high synergistic effect in combination with the antifungal agent nystatin. Experiments on the mode of action demonstrated that the oil affected the cell-membrane function. Considering virulence factors, the oil showed an antibiofilm activity, as well as a very high germ-tube reducing potential. The results demonstrated a complete inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase in the presence of the tested I. helenium root essential oil.Based on the present results, I. helenium oil could be considered a natural agent that deserves to be further explored as a crop for the treatment of candididases.
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