Assessing structural effects on PRI for stress detection in conifer forests

The retrieval of indicators of vegetation stress from remote sensing imagery is an important issue for the accurate assessment of forest decline. The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) has been demonstrated as a physiological index sensitive to the epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and to photosynthetic efficiency, serving as a proxy for short-term changes in photosynthetic activity, stress condition, and pigment absorption, but highly affected by illumination conditions, viewing geometry and canopy structure. In this study, a diurnal airborne campaign was conducted over Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra forest areas with the Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) to evaluate the effects of canopy structure on PRI when used as an indicator of stress in a conifer forest. The AHS airborne sensor was flown at two times (8:00GMT and 12:00GMT) over forest areas under varying field-measured stress levels, acquiring 2m spatial resolution imagery in 80 spectral bands in the 0.43–12.5μm spectral range. Five formulations of PRI (based on R₅₃₁ as a xanthophyll-sensitive spectral band) were calculated using different reference wavelengths, such as PRI₅₇₀ (reference band RREF=R₅₇₀), and the PRI modifications PRIₘ₁ (RREF=R₅₁₂), PRIₘ₂ (RREF=R₆₀₀), PRIₘ₃ (RREF=R₆₇₀), and PRIₘ₄ (RREF=R₅₇₀, R₆₇₀), along with other structural indices such as NDVI, SR, OSAVI, MSAVI and MTVI2. In addition, thermal bands were used for the retrieval of the land surface temperature. A radiative transfer modeling method was conducted using the LIBERTY and INFORM models to assess the structural effects on the PRI formulations proposed, studying the sensitivity of PRIₘ indices to detect stress levels while minimizing the effects caused by the conifer architecture. The PRI indices were related to stomatal conductance, xanthophyll epoxidation state (EPS) and crown temperature. The modeling analysis showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) for PRI was 50%, whereas the CV for PRIm1 (band R512 as a reference) was only 20%. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that PRIₘ₁ (RREF=R₅₁₂) was less sensitive than PRI (RREF=R₅₇₀) to changes in Leaf Area Index (LAI) and tree densities. PRI₅₁₂ was demonstrated to be sensitive to EPS at both leaf (r²=0.59) and canopy level (r²=0.40), yielding superior performance than PRI₅₇₀ (r²=0.21) at the canopy level. In addition, PRI₅₁₂ was significantly related to water stress indicators such as stomatal conductance (Gs; r²=0.45) and water potential (Ψ; r²=0.48), yielding better results than PRI₅₇₀ (Gs, r²=0.21; Ψ, r²=0.21) due to the structural effects found on the PRI₅₇₀ index at the canopy level.