Detailed new insights about tick infestations in domestic ruminant groups: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

The domestic ruminants such as buffaloes, cattle, goats, sheep, and camels all around the globe represent a significant part of the global economy. Although domestic ruminant group infestations by hard ticks are commonly reported worldwide. Because these localized reports have shown variable and unprocessed results. A comprehensive global meta-analysis of tick infestations that dealt with the global annually trend in the world countries, continents, hemispheres and tropical regions; animal age categories and sexes, attachment sites; tick life stages; and seasonal and monthly tick infestations in the world hemispheres and tropical regions in domestic ruminant groups, would be of particular importance and therefore performed. From 658 papers identified, 382 papers were selected to become parts of meta-analysis source, detailed results (329 papers) and systematic review (102 papers). The results indicate that the global tick infestations in the world countries, continents, hemispheres and tropical regions exhibited different values and ranges for domestic ruminant groups that are globally considerable amount of tick infestations to cause significant economical and medical damages. The global resultant trend of tick infestations in domestic ruminant groups exhibited predominantly an increasing trend in the world hemispheres, tropical regions, and globally in the world during the past decades. These valuable results suggest that the control measures to prohibit tick infestations in domestic ruminant groups have not been successful. Towards an effective and sustainable tick control, the control measures must be continued with more strength and intensity. The global tick infestations in domestic ruminant age categories and attachment sites of body parts exhibited different values. In other words, the levels of interest of ticks for blood feeding on domestic ruminant groups change with their age categories and attachment sites of body parts. These valuable results suggest that the all age categories of domestic ruminant groups are threatened by ticks. Ticks are predominantly tend to attach the females of domestic ruminant group as approximately twice as males. The females and males of ticks attack more domestic ruminant groups than nymphalid and larval life stages. The outcome of statistical analysis showed that there is difference between seasonal domestic ruminant tick infestation patterns in tropical regions and in the northern and southern hemispheres. Different significant degrees of tick infestations in domestic ruminant groups by analysis between tick and tick life stage infestations in relation to animal age categories, attachment sites of body parts, sexes, and seasonal and monthly tick infestations among years, countries, continents, hemispheres and tropical regions, show the temporal, spatial and epidemiological tick infestation values in different climatic, geographical and environmental conditions among countries, continents, hemispheres and tropical regions of the world.