Trace Metal Budgets for Forested Catchments in Europe—Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn
2013
Bringmark, Lage | Lundin, Lars | Augustaitis, Algirdas | Beudert, Burkhard | Dieffenbach-Fries, Helga | Dirnböck, Thomas | Grabner, Maria-Theresia | Hutchins, Mike | Kram, Pavel | Lyulko, Iraida | Ruoho-Airola, Tuija | Váňa, Milan
Input/output budgets for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the years 1997–2011 were monitored and determined for 14 small forest-covered catchments across Europe as part of the Integrated Monitoring program on the effects of long-range pollutants on ecosystems. Metal inputs were considered to derive from bulk deposition, throughfall and litterfall. Outputs were estimated from run-off values. Litterfall plus throughfall was taken as a measure of the total deposition of Pb and Hg (wet + dry) on the basis of evidence suggesting that, for these metals, internal circulation is negligible. The same is not true for Cd. Excluding a few sites with high discharge, between 74 and 94 % of the input Pb was retained within the catchments; significant Cd retention was also observed. High losses of Pb (>1.4 mg m⁻² year⁻¹) and Cd (>0.15 mg m⁻² year⁻¹) were observed in two mountainous Central European sites with high water discharge. All other sites had outputs below or equal to 0.36 and 0.06 mg m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, for the two metals. Almost complete retention of Hg, 86–99 % of input, was reported in the Swedish sites. These high levels of metal retention were maintained even in the face of recent dramatic reductions in pollutant loads.
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