Epidemiology and pathology of bluetongue virus in India: A systematic review
2021
Singh, K.P. | Saminathan, M. | Dinesh, M. | Khorajiya, J.H. | Umeshappa, C.S. | Sahoo, Diptimayee | Sahoo, Diptimayee | Faslu Rahman, A.T. | Rohit Singh, | Tripathi, B.N.
Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne, infectious and non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belongs to the genus Orbivirus under family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by haematophagus route through biting midges Culicoides. Currently, BT is a notifiable disease to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to great economic losses associated with high morbidity and enormous potential to spread across the international borders. BTV causes clinical disease in sheep and subclinical disease in cattle and goats. There are 28 serotypes of BTV, out of which 23 have been reported from India either by virus isolation or detection of serotype-specific antibodies. BT is endemic in India and several outbreaks of BT with various serotypes have been reported in almost all the states of India. The various assays such as competitive ELISA, virus isolation, PCR, agar gel immunodiffusion assay, direct and sandwich ELISA, serum neutralization assay, and immunohistochemistry are widely used for the diagnosis of BTV. BT control program in India includes vector control, effective vaccination along with serological and entomological surveillance. Currently, pentavalent inactivated vaccine containing BTV serotypes 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 is used in India to control BT. This review summarises the epidemiology of BTV in India and works carried out in CADRAD, ICAR-IVRI, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.
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