The impacts of climate change and cropping systems on soil water recovery in the 0–1500 cm soil profile after alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has played an important role in the “Grain-for-Green” program across the Chinese Loess Plateau but has characteristically high water consumption. Long-term growth significantly reduces soil water storage in the 0–1500 cm profile and results in an obvious decline of alfalfa yield. Fields planted with alfalfa for more than 8 years are often converted to annual crops (winter wheat or corn), but these annual crops planted after alfalfa suffer from low yield due to the reduced soil water content. The objectives of this study were to determine the time required for soil water recovery in the 0–1500 cm profile after fields cropped for 15 years with alfalfa are converted to annual crops and to evaluate the impacts of cropping systems, inter-annual climatic variation, and future climate change on the recovery time. Hydraulic parameters for six soil materials in the 0–1500 cm soil profile were calibrated using the measured soil water content in alfalfa fields from 2005 to 2020 and validated using soil water stable isotopic measurements in 2020. Using the calibrated soil hydraulic parameters, the Hydrus-1D model was used to simulate soil water dynamics in the 0–1500 cm profile and determine the recovery time in two cropping systems (alfalfa-wheat and alfalfa-corn) with 53 climatic realizations generated using random non-repeat sequences drawn from 53 years of observed climatic data (1968–2020) and 20 future climate data series projected by 10 GCM models under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios (2021–2100), respectively. The results showed that, under the 53 climatic realizations, the recovery time ranged from 14 to 44 years with a median of 27 years for the alfalfa-wheat system and from 11 to 31 years with a median of 18 years for the alfalfa-corn system. Under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, the median recovery times were 37.5 and 42.5 years for the alfalfa-wheat system and 30 and 31.5 years for the alfalfa-corn system, respectively. Considering the long-term effects of alfalfa growth on land productivity, planting areas and growing time of alfalfa should be restricted to maintain sustainable agriculture in the study region.