Spatiotemporal segregation among summer stocks of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) despite nuclear gene flow: implication for the endangered belugas in eastern Hudson Bay (Canada)
2012
Turgeon, Julie | Duchesne, Pierre | Colbeck, Gabriel J. | Postma, Lianne D. | Hammill, Mike O.
Migratory connectivity between areas frequented by wide-ranging animals provides crucial information for conservation and management. In and around Hudson Bay (Canada), three stocks of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are associated with distinct summering areas. We analyzed genetic variation at mtDNA and 13 microsatellite loci among individuals (NÂ >Â 1400) harvested by 23 Inuit communities to identify mating units and assess temporal and spatial differences in the way stocks use common migratory pathways. Strong structure at mtDNA and a lack of convincing evidence for nuclear genetic differentiation indicate that both males and females adopt distinct migratory routes towards summering grounds while probably interbreeding on wintering grounds. Spatiotemporal variation in stock composition indicates that subsistence hunting targets all three stocks. While representing ca. 5% of belugas in Hudson Bay, the endangered Eastern Hudson Bay stock accounts for 17% of the overall subsistence harvest by Inuit communities of northern Nunavik (Quebec), and ca. 30% of the spring harvest along northeastern Hudson Bay. Despite interbreeding, cultural conservatism of maternally transmitted migration routes seems to prevent the re-establishment of stocks in previously frequented estuaries. This phenomenon supports the current use of demographic population models based on stock composition for developing behavior-based management strategies.
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