Biosynthesized tin oxide-sodium alginate-polyethylene glycol-carvacrol nanocomposite shows anticancer activity on esophagus squamous carcinoma cells

Esophagus cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. In this study, we synthesized a biocompatible nanocomposite with green synthesized tin oxide using carvacrol, sodium allyl, and polyethylene glycol. Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid extracted from the essential oils of the plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Carvacrol possesses immense pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, etc. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of Tin oxide-Sodium alginate-Polyethylene glycol-Carvacrol (SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol) nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite was subjected to spectroscopic analysis, FTIR spectroscopic analysis, FESEM & EDAX analysis, TEM, and XRD & DLS analysis. The antimicrobial efficacy of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite against various microorganisms was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. MTT assay was performed to detect the cytotoxic effect of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite on KYSE-150–7 cells esophagus squamous carcinoma cell line. The apoptotic efficacy of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite was assessed with staining techniques such as DCFH-DA, Rhodamine 123 staining, and AO/EtBr staining. Oxidative stress markers were quantified to detect the anticancer property of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite. To analyze the anti-migratory effect we have done a transwell chamber assay. To confirm the anticancer potency of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite the cell cycle regulatory and apoptotic regulatory proteins were quantified. Characterization analysis of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite confirms it has a potent nanocomposite that can be utilized as a drug. MTT assay and staining results of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite treated KYSE-150–7 cells prove the apoptotic property of nanocomposite synthesized. SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite treatment on KYSE-150–7 cells significantly increased oxidative stress thereby inducing apoptosis in KYSE-150–7 cells. The anti-migratory property of synthesized nanocomposite was confirmed with the transwell chamber assay. The ELISA results of cell regulatory and apoptotic regulatory protein confirm the anticancer activity of SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite. Overall our results confirm that SnO₂-SAPG-Carvacrol nanocomposite is a potent anticancer drug.