Corrosion-Induced Release and Environmental Interaction of Chromium, Nickel and Iron from Stainless Steel
2006
Odnevall Wallinder, Inger | Bertling, Sofia | Kleja, Dan Berggren | Leygraf, Christofer
A cross-disciplinary research project has been implemented because of increased awareness of the potential environmental effects caused by dispersion of metals from external applications into the environment. The work comprises a 4-year (1998-2002) field exposure of grades 304 and 316 stainless steels, and a laboratory percolation study simulating 20-25 years of chromium and nickel containing runoff water interactions with soil. Total metal annual release rates varied between 0.2 and 0.7 mg m-² yr-¹ for Cr, between 0.1 and 0.8 mg m-² yr-¹ for Ni and between 10 and 200 mg m-² yr-¹ for Fe. Most Cr and Ni is present in an ionic form as a result of the limited presence of organic matter at the immediate release situation. Metal ion concentrations in the runoff water are far below reported ecotoxic concentrations. Studies of the environmental interaction between runoff water from stainless steel and soil show the majority of released Cr and Ni to be retained and their concentrations in percolation water to be very low (0.5-1 μg L-¹ and 1-5.5 μg L-¹ for Cr and Ni, respectively). Speciation calculations showed Cr to be primarily complexed to dissolved organic carbon while Ni also was present in an ionic form in the solution phase. Soil extractions showed Cr and Ni to be very strongly retained within the soil.
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