Influence of Different Light Intensities on the Content of Diosgenin, Lipids, Carotenoids and Fatty Acids in Leaves of Dioscorea zingiberensis

Cultivation of the climbing plant Dioscorea zingiberensis at a light intensity of 100 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹ yields three different phenotypes. Most of the plants grow as green phenotype (DzW). Two further forms differ in their leaf shape and leaf color. Whereas one type exhibits a more pointed leaf shape in the upper part of the plant with leaves appearing yellow-green with white stripes or hatchings (DzY), the other type shows a more round leaf shape with an intensive yellow-green color (DzT). These three plant types differ in their diosgenin content not only in their rhizomes but also in the chloroplasts. In the rhizomes the diosgenin content in the green form is 0.4%, in the DzY-form 0.6% and in the DzT-form even 1.3% of the dry weight. Furthermore, even in chloroplasts of the green DzW-form and of the DzY-form the presence of diosgenin was demonstrated. It occurs there as the epimeric form yamogenin. The DzT-form contains no yamogenin in its chloroplasts. Besides this, these plant forms differ in their chlorophyll and carotenoid content and in their fatty acid composition. Carotenoids increase from 1.3% of total lipids in the green phenotype to 3.3% in the DzYand to 4.2% in the DzT-form. This increase refers to _-carotene as well as to lutein and neoxanthin. The chlorophyll content in the green type is 8.1% and lower in the DzY-form with 7%. The highest chlorophyll content is found in the DzT-form with 12%. Fatty acids in the DzY-form and in the DzT-form have a more unsaturated character than in the green phenotype. The content of the monoenoic acid trans-hexadecenoic acid is considerably lower in both phenotypes when compared to the green phenotype. In both phenotypes the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms is reduced, whereas fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms occur in higher concentration. Cultivation of the green phenotype (DzW) at the three light intensities of 10, 100 and 270 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹ leads to changes of the diosgenin content in rhizomes, to an increase of leaf dry weight, to a reduction of the grana structure in chloroplasts and therewith to a decrease of the chlorophyll content. The total lipid content is highest under the cultivation at 100 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹ and reduced by 30% at 10 and 270 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹. Carotenoids, however, are highest in shaded plants (10 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹) and plants grown under high light conditions of 270 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹. At 100 μE · m⁻² · sec⁻¹ a decrease of saturated fatty acids is observed in comparison to plants grown under shaded conditions.