Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Bennett, Amy | Rodrigues de Sousa, Thaiane | Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel | Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane | Morandi, Paulo | Coelho de Souza, Fernanda | Castro, Wendeson | Duque, Luisa Fernanda | Flores Llampazo, Gerardo | dos Santos, Rubens Manoel | Ramos, Eliana | Vilanova Torre, Emilio | Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban | Baker, Timothy | Costa, Flávia | Lewis, Simon | Marimon, Beatriz | Schietti, Juliana | Burban, Benoît | Berenguer, Erika | Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro | Restrepo Correa, Zorayda | Lopez, Wilmar | Delgado Santana, Flávia | Viscarra, Laura Jessica | Elias, Fernando | Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo | Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur | Galbraith, David | Sullivan, Martin | Emilio, Thaise | Prestes, Nayane | Barlow, Jos | Alencar Fagundes, Nathalle Cristine | Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar | Alvarez Loayza, Patricia | Alves, Luciana | Aparecida Vieira, Simone | Andrade Maia, Vinícius | Aragão, Luiz | Arets, Eric | Arroyo, Luzmila | Banki, Olaf | Baraloto, Christopher | Barbosa Camargo, Plínio | Barroso, Jorcely | Bento da Silva, Wilder | Bonal, Damien | Borges Miranda Santos, Alisson | Brienen, Roel | Brown, Foster | Castilho, Carolina Volkmer | Cerruto Ribeiro, Sabina | Chama Moscoso, Victor | Chavez, Ezequiel | Comiskey, James | Cornejo Valverde, Fernando | Dávila Cardozo, Nállarett | de Aguiar-Campos, Natália | de Oliveira Melo, Lia | del Aguila-Pasquel, Jhon | Derroire, Géraldine | Disney, Mathias | Do Socorro, Maria | Dourdain, Aurélie | Feldpausch, Ted | Ferreira, Joice | Forni Martins, Valeria | Gardner, Toby | Gloor, Emanuel | Gutierrez Sibauty, Gloria | Guillen, René | Hase, Eduardo | Hérault, Bruno | Honorio Coronado, Eurídice | Huaraca Huasco, Walter | Janovec, John | Jimenez-Rojas, Eliana | Joly, Carlos | Kalamandeen, Michelle | Killeen, Timothy | Lais Farrapo, Camila | Levesley, Aurora | Lizon Romano, Leon | Lopez Gonzalez, Gabriela | Maës dos Santos, Flavio Antonio | Magnusson, William | Malhi, Yadvinder | Matias de Almeida Reis, Simone | Melgaço, Karina | Melo Cruz, Omar | Mendoza Polo, Irina | Montañez, Tatiana | Morel, Jean Daniel | Núñez Vargas, M Percy | Oliveira de Araújo, Raimunda | Pallqui Camacho, Nadir | Parada Gutierrez, Alexander | Pennington, Toby | Pickavance, Georgia | Pipoly, John | Pitman, Nigel | Quesada, Carlos | Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy | Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma | Flora Ramos, Rafael | Richardson, James | Rodrigo de Souza, Cléber | Roopsind, Anand | Schwartz, Gustavo | Silva, Richarlly | Silva Espejo, Javier | Silveira, Marcos | Singh, James | Soto Shareva, Yhan | Steininger, Marc | Stropp, Juliana | Talbot, Joey | ter Steege, Hans | Terborgh, John | Thomas, Raquel | Valenzuela Gamarra, Luis | van der Heijden, Geertje | van der Hout, Peter | Zagt, Roderick | Phillips, Oliver | University of Leeds | Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia = National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) | Missouri Botanical Garden | University of Birmingham [Birmingham] | Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) ; University of Birmingham [Birmingham] | Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) | Universidade de Brasilia = University of Brasilia [Brasília] (UnB) | Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC) | Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) | Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) | Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) | University College of London [London] (UCL) | Universidade do Estado do Amazonas = University of the Amazon State (UEA) | Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Environmental Change Institute ; University of Oxford | Lancaster Environment Centre ; Lancaster University | Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado [Bolivie] | Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín | Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA [Belém, Brazil] (UFPA) | Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) | Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP) | Duke University [Durham] | University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA) ; University of California (UC) | National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] = Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) | University of Exeter | Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra) | Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden] | Florida International University [Miami] (FIU) | Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA) ; Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP) | Université de Lorraine (UL) | Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | AgroParisTech | SILVA (SILVA) ; AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Falmouth University | Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation = Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) | Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC) | National Park Service | Smithsonian Institution | Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana [Loreto, Perou] (UNAP) | Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará [Santarém] (UFOPA) | Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) | NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) | Bolsista do Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado - Departamento de Entomologia (PNPD/CAPES) ; Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) | Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) | Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad) | Université de Montpellier (UM) | University of St Andrews [Scotland] | Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) | Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL) | University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM) | Laurentian University | Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG) | University of Oxford | Universidad del Tolima | Florida Atlantic University [Boca Raton] | Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA] | Universidad de Los Andes [Mérida, Venezuela] (ULA) | School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Cork] (BEES) ; University College Cork (UCC) | Universidad del Rosario [Bogota] | Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh] | University College Cork (UCC) | Conservation International | University of Maryland [College Park] (UMD) ; University System of Maryland | Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN) ; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain] (CSIC) | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain] (CSIC) | Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht] | University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF) | James Cook University (JCU) | University of Nottingham, UK (UON) | We highlight the principal investigtors and grants that funded the El Niño remeasurement campaigns: remeasurements in Peru were funded by Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant number 5349; ‘MonANPeru: Monitoring Protected Areas in Peru to Increase Forest Resilience to Climate Change’), a Royal Society Global Challenges grant (Sensitivity of Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services to Climate Changes) funded the censuses in Colombia and Minas Gerais, CNPq grants (441282/2016-4, 403764/2012-2 and 558244/2009-2) funded the central Amazon Long-Term Ecological Project, FAPEAM grants 1600/2006, 465/2010 and PPFOR 147/2015 funded the PPBio plots in the central Amazon, and CNPq grants 473308/2009-6 and 558320/2009-0 funded the monitoring of Purus-Madeira interfluve. | AINFOR, PPBio and ForestPlots.net have been supported by numerous people and grants since their inception. For supporting the networks, we thank the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant 291585—‘T-FORCES’), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (#1656 ‘RAINFOR’, and ‘MonANPeru’), the European Union’s Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programme (EVK2-CT-1999-00023—‘CARBONSINK-LBA’, 283080—‘GEOCARBON’, and 282664—‘AMAZALERT), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ D005590/1—‘TROBIT’, NE/F005806/1—‘AMAZONICA’, and E/M0022021/1—‘PPFOR’), several NERC Urgency and New Investigators Grants, the NERC/State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) consortium grants ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1), ‘ECOFOR’ (NE/K016431/1, FAPESP 2012/51872-5 and 2012/51509-8), ‘ARBOLES’ (NE/S011811/1 and FAPESP 2018/15001-6), ‘SEOSAW’ (NE/P008755/1), ‘SECO’ (NE/T01279X/1), Brazilian National Research Council (PELD/CNPq 403710/2012-0), the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships and Global challenges Awards) (ICA/R1/180100—‘FORAMA’), the National Geographic Society, US National Science Foundation (DEB 1754647) and Colombia’s Colciencias. We thank the National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) for support to the Cerrado/Amazonia Transition Long-Term Ecology Project (PELD/441244/2016-5), the PPBio Phytogeography of Amazonia/Cerrado Transition Project (CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0), PELD-RAS (CNPq, Process 441659/2016-0), RESFLORA (Process 420254/2018-8), Synergize (Process 442354/2019-3), the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa (SEG: 02.08.06.005.00), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo—FAPESP BIOTA (2012/51509-8 and 2012/51872-5), the Goiás Research Foundation (FAPEG/PELD: 2017/10267000329) the EcoSpace Project (CNPq 459941/2014-3) and several PVE and Productivity Grants. We also thank the ‘Investissement d’Avenir’ programme (CEBA, ref. ANR-10LABX-25-01), the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595-7) and the Sustainable Landscapes Brazil Project (through Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), the US Forest Service, USAID, and the US Department of State) for supporting plot inventories in the Atlantic Forest sites in São Paulo, Brazil. Further funding sources include CNPq (processes 305054/2016-3 and 442371/2019-5) to L.E.O.C.A., a NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellowship (NE/V018760/1) to E.N.H.C., the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 to T.E. We thank the National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for the financial support of the PELD project (441244/2016-5, 441572/2020-0) and FAPEMAT (0346321/2021). | The development of ForestPlots.net and curation of data has been funded by several grants including NE/B503384/1, NE/N012542/1—‘BIO-RED’, ERC Advanced Grant 291585—‘T-FORCES’, NE/F005806/1—‘AMAZONICA’, NE/N004655/1—‘TREMOR’, NERC New Investigators Awards, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (‘RAINFOR’, ‘MonANPeru’), ERC Starter Grant 758873 -‘TreeMort’, EU Framework 6, a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, and a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship. For supporting A.C.B. we thank the European Space Agency (‘ForestScan’ 4000126857/20/NL/AI), NERC (‘ARBOLES’ (NE/S011811/1, FAPESP 2018/15001-6)), the Royal Society (Global Challenges Award, ICA/R1/180100—‘FORAMA’) and a University of Leeds NERC Doctoral Training Partnership studentship (NE/L002574/1). | ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010)