A study on the evaluation of heavy metals accumulation in electrokinetically treated sewage sludge by Spinacia oleracea
2024
Parida, Tamanna | Agnihotri, Ram Sailesh | Kolli , Suresh Kumar | Chakraborty , Anindita | Srinivas, Namuduri
The sewage sludge (SS) profile combines potentially toxic metals and organic matter that help nourish the soil in many ways. Still, toxicity raises concerns about the contamination of the food chain and pollution of the soil, water, and air. Treatment of raw SS by physical and chemical methods is a challenging task with a big budget and does not support the sustainable approach. On the other hand, phytoremediation coupled with electrokinetic treatment treats the raw sludge by extracting the maximum amount of heavy metals (HMS) and enhancing its quality by improving the physicochemical parameters. The core study of this paper is to determine the accumulation of heavy metals from EKT SS by Spinacia oleracea. Two setups were prepared by amending the SS with garden soil; one (untreated) was directly subjected to phytoremediation, whereas EKT influenced the other for 11 days and allowed the plant to grow (treated). Results have shown that the extraction of Pb and Zn was high in both sets without compromising the plant's metabolism. EKT encourages the organic carbon, pH, and conductivity of the SS and promotes the growth of the plant in comparison to the untreated setup. EKT made all elements highly available, helping plants to absorb some high elements efficiently, and some elements, such as As and Cr, reported the lowest extraction. Pb is known for its high toxicity, but Spinach could absorb more than the range by increasing its stress tolerance index.
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