The first exposure assessment of legacy and unrestricted brominated flame retardants in predatory birds of Pakistan
2017
Abbasi, Naeem Akhtar | Eulaers, Igor | Jaspers, Veerle Leontina Bernard | Chaudhry, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal | Frantz, Adrien | Ambus, Per Lennart | Covaci, Adrian | Malik, Riffat Naseem | Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences ; Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU) | Department of Bioscience ; Aarhus University [Aarhus] | Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology ; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) | WWF Pakistan | Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Center for Permafrost (CENPERM) ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN) ; Faculty of Science [Copenhagen] ; University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen] ; University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH) | Toxicological Centre ; University of Antwerp (UA) | Higher Education Commission (HEC), Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan; NRC Project New Raptor [230465/F20]; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
The exposure to legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and unrestricted 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) was examined in tail feathers of 76 birds belonging to ten predatory species inhabiting Pakistan. In addition, different feather types of six individuals of Black kite (Milvus migrans) were compared for their brominated flame retardant (BFR) levels. Black kite was found to be the most contaminated species with a median (minimum-maximum) tail feather concentration of 2.4 (0.70-7.5) ng g(-1) dw for Sigma PBDEs, 1.5 (0.5-8.1) ng g(-1) dw for Sigma HBCDDs and 0.10 (<LOQ-0.1) ng g(-1) dw for BTBPE. Among unrestricted BFRs, BTBPE was detected only in Black kite and Little owl (Athene noctua), whereas BEH-TEBP and EH-TBB were not detected in any species. BDE-47 was found to be the most prevalent BFR compound in aquatic species, while BDE-99 and -153 were more abundant in terrestrial species. For HBCDDs, alpha-isomer was generally recorded as the most prevalent BFR in both terrestrial and aquatic species. The concentrations of BFRs differed significantly (all P < 0.01) among species, trophic guilds and between habitats, the latter for PBDEs only (P < 0.04), whereas differences among taxonomic affiliations and groups with different feeding regimes were not significant (P > 0.05 for both). Similarly, no significant concentration differences were observed among different feather types (all P > 0.05) suggesting their similar exposure. While variables such as species, trophic guild and delta N-15 values were evaluated as major predictors for BFR accumulation in the studied species, we predict that combined effects of just mentioned factors may govern the intra- and interspecific differences in BFR contamination profiles. We urge for further investigation of BFR exposure and potential toxicological effects in predatory birds from Asia with a more extensive sample size per species and location.
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