Ethanol as a Husehold Fuel in Madagascar : Health Benefits, Economic Assessment, and Review of African Lessons for Scaling-up | L'ethanol comme combustible domestique a Madagascar avantages relatifs a la sante, evaluation economique et revue des enseignements tires de l'experience africaine en vue d'une mise a l'echelle : rapport sommaire

air air pollution air quality aldehydes availability bagasse balance balance of payments biofuels biogas biomass biomass fuels carbon carbon monoxide carcinogens charcoal climate climate change climate change mitigation co co2 combustion cooking deforestation degraded forests diffusion distillation dung electricity employment energy balance energy demand energy efficiency energy security erosion control ethanol feedstocks fermentation firewood forest cover forest degradation forest products forest protection forest resources forestry forestry sector forests fossil fossil fuels fuels gel global warming gross domestic product habitats hydrocarbons kerosene land degradation land ownership land use lighting natural forests natural gas natural resources nitrogen nitrogen oxides particulate matter particulates petroleum pollutants raw sugar rural areas rural communities solid fuels sorghum sugar sugar cane sugar industry sugarcane sulphur sulphur oxides towns urban areas wood wood products