Resilience and robustness of IPM in protected horticulture in the face of potential invasive pests

Recently, various approaches for the biological control of major pests in protected crops have successfully been adopted. These successes have primarily occurred via the selection, release and/or conservation of generalist native predators that naturally colonize Mediterranean crops that are highly adapted to local environmental conditions. These generalist predators have resulted very effective in controlling key pests; as a result, pesticide use has been reduced considerably. In addition, because these predators are typically highly polyphagous, horticultural crops have become more resilient to newly emerging pests, which are preyed upon by these predators. Possibilities to further strengthen pest management in horticultural crops have recently arisen, such as the use of bene fi cial microbes (BM) to induce plant resilience. In this review, we used a tomato crop as an example to present two new, highly interrelated plant defense induction strategies: the use of Miridae zoophytophagous predators and the use of Tri- choderma spp. microbial biological control agents. Both the mirid predators and Trichoderma symbiotic fungi can activate direct and indirect plant defense responses, which may increase the robustness of pest management against invading organisms. The practical use of these new approaches is discussed.

The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007/2013) under grant agreement no 265865. The authors thank Jan van der Blom (Coexphal, Almería-Spain) and Javier Calvo (KOPPERT BS) who provided useful information for this manuscript. MP-H was the recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from the MCINN (Juan de la Cierva program).