Navigating tropical landscapes; understanding how frugivore traits affect movement patterns and seed dispersal dynamics

Tropical forests, recognised as some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, play a pivotal role in providing essential natural ecosystem services that impact millions of people globally. Despite their ecological significance, these vital habitats face increasing threats due to human activities, with only a fraction currently under protection. The need to understand the implications of human-induced modifications, such as fragmentation, on these ecosystems is paramount for their long-term viability. This research focuses on the complex behaviour of frugivorous birds within the context of tropical landscapes. Frugivores, acting as crucial agents in forest regeneration through seed dispersal, play key roles in understanding the ecological repercussions of habitat alterations. By investigating their movement patterns, dietary preferences, and interaction networks, this study aims to contribute vital insights into the understanding of the complex behaviours exhibited by tropical frugivores in relation to their ever-changing environments. Chapter 2 begins with a global review of frugivorous animal tracking studies. This review not only establishes a baseline for future studies but also identifies taxonomic and geographic gaps in our current understanding. The findings reveal intriguing connections between morphological and environmental traits, shedding light on the factors influencing seed dispersal distances. Chapter 3 investigates the movement ecology of four large-bodied frugivorous bird species in Central Panama. The study uncovers diverse species-specific movement strategies influenced by traits and seasonality. The individualised movement patterns demonstrate the variability in movement strategies amongst similar species and offer ideas of how large-bodied frugivores can shape local seed dispersal dynamics. Chapter 4 explores the dietary composition and interaction networks of avian frugivores in Central Panama. The study showcases the adaptability and different roles of frugivorous avian species in shaping the local environment. The findings offer valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of frugivore networks, emphasising their role in maintaining ecosystem balance and resilience, even in the face of anthropogenic influences.