Oilseed rape as feedstock for biodiesel production in relation to the environment and human health

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <div style="mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-width: 498.1pt; mso-element-frame-height: 435.05pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 3.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 50.3pt; mso-element-top: 57.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><table style="height: 588px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="664" align="left"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 3.1pt; padding-right: 0cm; padding-bottom: 3.1pt; padding-left: 0cm;" height="588" align="left" valign="top"><div style="mso-element: para-border-div; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-width: 498.1pt; mso-element-frame-height: 435.05pt; mso-element-frame-vspace: 3.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 50.3pt; mso-element-top: 57.8pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oilseed rape is one of the most important crops in cultivation process. A current developmental trend in non-food rapeseed production on agricultural land shows that this new course is irreversible and is a great opportunity for agriculture. Non-food rapeseed production is focused on the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel has good environmental properties. Lower emissions are produced by the combustion of biodiesel than for diesel. In content of exhaust gas is observed a significant decrease of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter and etc. The analysis of the literary knowledge on impacts of biodiesel on exhaust emissions, on regulated emissions, shows a reduction of 10.1% for particulate matter, of 21.1% for hydrocarbons, and 11.0% for carbon monoxide with the use of B20. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased by 2.0%. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">Biodiesel was introduced into the European market in the 1988s as B100. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The use of blends with content up to 5% biodiesel has no significant impact on the emissions and their toxicity. An increased mutagenicity was observed with blends containing 20%. Nevertheless, increased mutagenic effects were observed under specific conditions. Accordingly, the problem concerning blends of diesel fuel with biodiesel (B20) should be investigated with high priority. No comprehensive risk assessment for </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">diesel engine emissions</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> from biodiesel and its blends is possible In regard to a comprehensive hazard characterization it is urged to develop a panel of standardized and internationally accepted protocols which allow a reliable assessment of possible health hazards which may arise from the combustion of new fuels compared to conventional diesel fuel. These methods should be robust and should reflect the various health hazards associated with </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">diesel engine emissions </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to supplement data on regulated emissions. Methods for the generation of the exhaust and sample preparation should be harmonized. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">There is sufficient evidence supporting a causal relationship between diesel engine emissions and acute health effects, as are childhood asthma, non-asthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity. Although, diesel engine emissions exposures in developed countries changed strongly during recent years, reliable animal experiments or epidemiological studies concerning the use of new fuels and technologies are almost lacking.<br /><br /><strong>doi:10.5219/278</strong></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>