Soil Dynamics in an Urban Forest and Its Contribution as an Ecosystem Service

Forests embedded in an urban matrix are an important site to investigate the effects of multiple anthropogenic influences that can lead to the modification of biogeochemical cycles and, consequently, of the ecosystem services they provide. In this study, the main soil properties, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal concentrations were measured to assess soil quality and fertility, as well as soil carbon stock (SCS) and CO₂ effluxes (Rs) at the Natural Protected Area Bosque de Tlalpan (BT). Four study zones were considered: strict protection zone (Z1), restricted use protection zone (Z2), extensive public use zone (Z3), and intensive public use zone (Z4) during three climatic seasons (rainy, dry-cold, and dry-warm seasons). The concentration of heavy metals in the BT soil showed that these elements are within the reference limits accepted by Mexican standards and are not considered toxic to the environment, except for mercury, which exceeded the standard with double the concentration. The results revealed significant variations in the SCS and soil organic matter (SOM) among the different sites. The highest mean values of SCS (3.01 ± 0.63 and 4.96 ± 0.19 kg m⁻²) and SOM (7.5 ± 1.01% and 8.7 ± 0.93%) were observed in areas of high protection and extensive public use. CO₂ effluxes showed significant differences between sampling seasons, with fluxes being highest during the rainy season (3.14 ± 1.01 µmol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹). The results suggest that the level of conservation and effective management of the sites played an important role in the carbon storage capacity and in the physicochemical properties of the soil. This not only provided insights into the current state of an urban forest within a large urban area but also emphasized the significance of conserving such ecosystems.