Identification and Characterization of <i>Colletotrichum</i> Species Causing Sorghum Anthracnose in Kenya and Screening of Sorghum Germplasm for Resistance to Anthracnose

Anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> species is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of sorghum with annual yield losses of up to 100%. Although the resistance to anthracnose has been identified elsewhere, the usefulness of the resistance loci differs depending on the pathogen species and pathotypes. Accurate species identification of the disease-causing fungal pathogens is essential for developing and implementing suitable management strategies. The use of host resistance is the most effective strategy of anthracnose management and therefore identification of sources for resistance against unique pathogen pathotypes is fundamental. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize <i>Colletotrichum</i> species associated with sorghum anthracnose and screen sorghum germplasm for resistance to anthracnose. Symptomatic sorghum leaf samples were collected from smallholder farmers in lower eastern Kenya and used for the isolation, identification and characterization of <i>Colletotrichum</i> species using morpho-cultural and phylogenetic analyses with the sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Pathogenicity tests of the seven fungal isolates showed that there were no significant differences in the pathogenicity on host plants. The fungal isolates were variable in cultural and morphological characters such as colony type and color, colony diameter, mycelia growth and hyaline. The phenotypic characters observed were useful in the identification of the genus Colletotrichum and not the species. Based on the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, <i>Colletotrichum sublineola</i> was revealed to be associated with anthracnose on sorghum. Germplasm screening for resistance to anthracnose showed differential reactions of sorghum genotypes to anthracnose under greenhouse and field conditions. The results revealed four resistant genotypes and ten susceptible genotypes against <i>Colletotrichum sublineola</i>. Significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in grain weight, grain yield, weight of 100 seeds and harvest index among the tested sorghum genotypes. The present study indicated that the Kenyan accessions could be an important source of resistance to anthracnose. The findings from this study provide a platform towards devising efficient disease control strategies and resistance breeding.