Factores que influyen en la embriogénesis somática in vitro de palmas (Arecaceae)
2012
María Viñas | Víctor M. Jiménez
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table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} --> <!--[endif] --> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">Título en ingles: Factors affecting <em>in vitro</em> somatic embryogenesis of palms (Arecaceae)</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ES">Resumen</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ES">La embriogénesis somática (ES) es una vía de desarrollo <em>in vitro</em> que presenta una serie de ventajas sobre otras técnicas utilizadas para la regeneración de palmas. Esta técnica tiene gran potencial para superar las limitaciones observadas al tratar de propagar clonalmente estas plantas utilizando yemas basales. A pesar de la conocida recalcitrancia que presentan las palmas al cultivo <em>in vitro</em>, si se utilizan los reguladores de crecimiento apropiados, el tipo y el estado de desarrollo del explante adecuados, así como genotipos con buena respuesta, es muy probable que se obtengan buenos resultados. Esto ha sido demostrado parcialmente en <em>Phoenix dactylifera</em> (palma dátil), <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> (palma aceitera), <em>Bactris gasipaes</em> (pejibaye) y <em>Cocos nucifera</em> (coco). También se ha logrado generar protocolos eficientes en otras palmas menos estudiadas, como <em>Geonoma gamiova</em> (una palma ornamental), <em>Euterpe edulis </em>(palmito dulce) y <em>Areca catechu</em> (palma de betel). La inducción de ES se ha conseguido principalmente con el uso de auxinas. De ellas, la que se ha utilizado con más frecuencia es el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), aunque en algunos casos (como en pejibaye y palma aceitera) se ha usado picloram y dicamba, también con buenos resultados. Los explantes más utilizados han sido inflorescencias, ápices y segmentos basales de hojas, todos con un estado de desarrollo incipiente. También se ha visto que el tamaño del explante y el medio de cultivo juegan un papel importante en la respuesta. En este trabajo se presenta una recopilación de los trabajos más importantes sobre ES en esta familia de plantas y del efecto de varios factores sobre su establecimiento y desarrollo.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ES">Palabras clave:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="ES"> Explante; genotipo; medio de cultivo; regeneración; reguladores de crecimiento</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></strong></p><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">Somatic embryogenesis</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> (SE) </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">is</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">an <em>in</em></span></span><span class="longtext"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></span><span class="hps"><em><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">vitro</span></em></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">developmental pathway</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">that exhibits a number</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">of</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">advantages over</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">other techniques</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">for</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">regeneration of palms</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">This</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">technique</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">has</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">great</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">potential</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">to</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">overcome</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">the limitations observed</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">when trying to propagate these plants clonally using</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">basal buds</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Despite the known recalcitrance of palms for <em>in vitro</em> culture, good results can be obtained by using the appropriate growth regulators, explant type and developmental stage, as well as responsive genotypes. This has been partially observed in <em>Phoenix dactylifera</em> (date palm), <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> (African oil palm), <em>Bactris gasipaes</em> (peach palm) and <em>Cocos nucifera</em> (coconut). Efficient protocols have been also generated in less-studied palms, such as <em>Geonoma gamiova</em> (an ornamental palm), <em>Euterpe edulis</em> (Assai palm) and <em>Areca catechu</em> (</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">areca <span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">palm). Induction of <span> </span>SE has been achieved mainly through the use of auxins. Of these, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been used most frequently, although in some cases (such as in peach palm and African oil palm) picloram and dicamba have been employed also with good results. The most commonly used explants are young inflorescences, apical buds and leaf-basal segments. Explant size and culture medium also play an important role in obtaining good results. This review presents a compilation of the most important publications on SE in this plant family and the effect of various factors on induction and development of this pathway.</span></span></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;" lang="EN-US">Key words:</span></strong></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 11pt; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;" lang="EN-US"> Culture medium; explants; genotype; plant growth regulators; regeneration</span></span></p>
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