Wheat, barley and maize genes editing using the CRISPR/Cas system
2020
K. V. Strygina | E. K. Khlestkina
Precise editing of the genes of plant organisms with complex genomes has long been a difficult task. The CRISPR/Cas technology developed in the last decade has become one of the preferred tools for site-directed mutagenesis of plant genes and has quickly replaced the ZFN and TALEN systems. However, while the CRISPR/Cas system has proven to be an effective tool for modifying the genome of diploid species, its application to organisms such as cereals with complex and, in the case of common wheat, polyploid genomes is complicated by a number of obstacles. This review summarizes the main results obtained using the CRISPR/Cas system in such economically valuable cereals as common wheat Triticum aestivum L., barley Hordeum vulgare L., and maize Zea mays L., the genome structure of which increases the probability of the emergence of non-target mutations and reduces the specificity of editing. Every year the number of methodological publications on the directed mutagenesis of these crops, aimed at optimizing and improving the performance of the CRISPR/Cas system, increases exponentially, and the editing efficiency reaches 100% for maize and barley. The experimental articles are mainly aimed at improving the economically important traits of plants, such as improved yields, nutritional value and resistance to diseases and herbicides. Plant improvement is also associated with editing genes that affect pollination control, which is used in hybrid breeding. This creates the prerequisites for the creation of new maize, barley and wheat varieties, and for the saturation of existing ones with the necessary properties.
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