Microfluidic-Based Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) Sensors for On-Chip Monitoring of Cell, Tissue and Organ Metabolism
2021
Mostafa Azimzadeh | Patricia Khashayar | Meitham Amereh | Nishat Tasnim | Mina Hoorfar | Mohsen Akbari
Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O<sub>2</sub> sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O<sub>2</sub> sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical. In this review, we provide an overview of on-chip O<sub>2</sub> sensors integrated with the OOC devices and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Recent innovations in optical O<sub>2</sub> sensors integrated with OOCs are discussed in four main categories: (i) basic luminescence-based sensors; (ii) microparticle-based sensors; (iii) nano-enabled sensors; and (iv) commercial probes and portable devices. Furthermore, we discuss recent advancements in electrochemical sensors in five main categories: (i) novel configurations in Clark-type sensors; (ii) novel materials (e.g., polymers, O<sub>2</sub> scavenging and passivation materials); (iii) nano-enabled electrochemical sensors; (iv) novel designs and fabrication techniques; and (v) commercial and portable electrochemical readouts. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advances in the design, fabrication and application of optical and electrochemical O<sub>2</sub> sensors.
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