Investigation of phenolic compounds, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of different parts of Glaucosciadium cordifolium

The present study was designed to evaluate the biological potentials and phenolic composition of different parts of Glaucosciadium cordifolium, which is less investigated and known as a wild endemic species to Turkey. The antioxidant activity of the plant was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS), iron chelating capacity, and a β-carotene / linoleic acid emulsion assay. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the plant were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The study of the enzyme inhibition activity of the plant was carried out for acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase. The antiglycation activity of the aqueous extract of the plant was evaluated using established methods such as browning, a Nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) assay, the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) method, a Congo red assay, and fluorescent Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The HPLC profiling of the phenolics revealed that 18 standard phenolic compounds were found in different amounts in various extracts of the plant parts. According to our bioactivity results, the methanol extract obtained from the flower parts of the plant contained higher amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which also demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In addition, the methanol extracts obtained from the leaves and roots were found to be the most active extracts against the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, as well as moderately active against the tyrosinase enzyme. The antiglycation capacity of the extract followed this order: G. cordifolium leaves > stems > roots > flower. As a result, our study indicated that G. cordifolium extracts have strong antioxidant potential, good enzyme inhibitory effects and antiglycation potential. Further studies on G. cordifolium with in vivo bioassays need to be carried out to seek the importance of the plant in pharmaceutical techniques