Effect of changing in Some Sulaymaniyah Climate Elements on Rates of Evapotranspiration from the period 1979 to 2022, Iraq

     The present work implementation was achieved in  Sulaimaniyah city, north of Iraq In locations N35.55, and E45.44 to study the effect of local climate changes during the study period on the annual rates of evaporations, Daily meteorological Data on Evaporation, Temperature, Relative humidity, Wind speed, and Rainfall for analyzing data using the standardized Penman-Monteith (PM) equation for short canopy reference evapotranspiration value, under current conditions, The month of June is considered the most variable compared to the rest of the months during the study period as evaporation rates decreased by an average of 3.75 mm. Evaporation levels exhibit seasonal variability, as evidenced by the annual evaporation rates. During the colder and rainier months, specifically October through March, a decreasing trend in evaporation rates was observed throughout the study. Conversely, in the warmer months (April through September), The highest annual radiation in 2021, 17.5 (MJ m-2 day-1), marked an increase from 1982's 15.5 (MJ m-2 day-1). Over 43 years, the average annual rate of radiation change is approximately 0.0263 indicating a gradual increase. Over 43 years (1979-2022), Evapotranspiration ranged from 3.68mm to 4.4mm, increasing due to higher temperatures and solar radiation. higher wind speeds generally result in increased evapotranspiration due to enhanced evaporation and transpiration processes. When comparing the changes in wind speed during the years of the study, the wind speed increased at a general rate for all years of the study amounting to 1.4(m. sec.-1) and the change between each year and the following year varied between an increase and a decrease from the general rate of these changes. The rainfall data from 1979-2022 shows notable yearly fluctuations. The 1980s and early 2000s had lower rainfall, while the 1990s and late 2000s experienced higher amounts, with a decrease again in the 2020s. average annual increase of 0.22% and an average value of 46.00%. The standard deviation of 3.17 suggests most values fall within 42.83% to 49.17%. High relative humidity years (e.g., 1982, 1988, 1992, 2003, 2015, 2019) indicate near-saturation air, leading to reduced evapotranspiration rates due to lower vapor pressure gradients and transpiration efficiency. Conversely, low humidity years (e.g., 1984, 1987, 2000, 2008, 2013, 2021) show a higher capacity for air to absorb water vapor.