Setting Up an NGS Sequencing Platform and Monitoring Molecular Markers of Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance in Djibouti
2024
Nasserdine Papa Mze | Houssein Yonis Arreh | Rahma Abdi Moussa | Mahdi Bachir Elmi | Mohamed Ahmed Waiss | Mohamed Migane Abdi | Hassan Ibrahim Robleh | Samatar Kayad Guelleh | Abdoul-ilah Ahmed Abdi | Hervé Bogreau | Leonardo K. Basco | Bouh Abdi Khaireh
Djibouti is confronted with malaria resurgence, with malaria having been occurring in epidemic proportions since a decade ago. The current epidemiology of drug-resistant <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> is not well known. Molecular markers were analyzed by targeted sequencing in 79 <i>P. falciparum</i> clinical isolates collected in Djibouti city in 2023 using the Miseq Illumina platform newly installed in the country. The objective of the study was to analyze the key codons in these molecular markers associated with antimalarial drug resistance. The prevalence of the mutant <i>Pfcrt</i> CVIET haplotype (92%) associated with chloroquine resistance and mutant <i>Pfdhps-Pfdhfr</i> haplotypes (7.4% SGEA and 53.5% IRN, respectively) associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance was high. By contrast, <i>Pfmdr1</i> haplotypes associated with amodiaquine (YYY) or lumefantrine (NFD) resistance were not observed in any of the isolates. Although the “Asian-type” <i>PfK13</i> mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were not observed, the “African-type” PfK13 substitution, R622I, was found in a single isolate (1.4%) for the first time in Djibouti. Our genotyping data suggest that most Djiboutian <i>P. falciparum</i> isolates are resistant to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine but are sensitive to amodiaquine, lumefantrine, and artemisinin. Nonetheless, the presence of an isolate with the R622I PfK13 substitution is a warning signal that calls for a regular surveillance of molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance.
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