Managing Domestic Wells in Sweden. Investigating the role of domestic wells in ensuring a reliable drinking water supply and assessing their vulnerability to climate change

Domestic wells provide drinking water for a significant proportion of the population in Sweden, especially in rural areas where public water supplies are not available (Drage, 2022; Hjerne et al., 2021). Domestic wells typically lack regulation (Gunnarsdottir et al., 2020; Stoll et al., 2011), with owners being responsible for maintaining and en suring water safety (Socialstyrelsen, 2008). Examining individual drinking water sup plies is crucial for sustainable development, given their heavy reliance on groundwater sources (Maxe, 2007). Recent studies on climate change impacts have emphasized groundwater-related concerns (Stoll et al., 2011). Therefore, it is imperative to con duct research, plan, and manage domestic water sources to enhance national drinking water security and reduce vulnerability to disruptions. Domestic wells are particularly vulnerable to changes in groundwater quality and quantity, which can lead to water scarcity, affecting a significant portion of the population (Rodhe et al., 2006). In order to address the study’s aim of examining the current state of domestic well management by municipalities and contributing to the understanding of drinking water and domestic wells, especially in terms of their vulnerability to climate change impacts, an online survey was distributed to all municipalities in Sweden. Additionally, four semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities and County Administrative Boards. Thematic analysis was performed on the collected data to gain insights into the opportunities and challenges municipalities face in their efforts to achieve sustainable objectives and ensure universal access to clean water. The study reveals that domestic wells in Sweden have not yet received specific attention from authorities, and comprehensive regulations addressing issues such as water qual ity and quantity deficiencies are lacking. Nonetheless, the survey indicates a growing recognition of the need to address these challenges, particularly in southern municip alities and areas with scarce groundwater resources. This highlights the urgency of promoting sustainable water management and achieving sustainable drinking water solutions in regions heavily reliant on groundwater.